2. The Early Cold War: 1947-1957 Mr. Wells H.E. Winkler MS

3. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

4. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, Churchill, 1946

5. Truman Doctrine [1947] Civil War in Greece. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. Truman believed - “The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressure…” The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

6. Marshall Plan [1948] European Recovery Program European Recovery Program Secretary of State, George Marshall Secretary of State, George Marshall The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 1.$13 billion of US aid to Western Europe to prevent countries falling to Communism

7. Marshall Plan [1948]

8. Berlin Crisis U.S. wanted a strong Germany to promote recovery of W. Europe Soviets wanted a weak Germany that could never attack them again U.S.-G.B.-France unite their 3 zones of Berlin Soviets block highways and railroads from East Berlin to West Berlin

9. Berlin Airlift (1948) West Berlin was shut off from the Western World West Berlin had no way of importing food, fuel, and clothing U.S. and Great Britain fly supplies into W. Berlin for 327 days May 1949 – Soviets lift blockade

10. The Arms Race }The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. }Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

11. Cold War Alliances & Agencies NATO : alliance of 28 nations – established April 4, 1949 in Brussels, Belgium (led by US) Warsaw Pact: alliance of 8 nations – established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland – ended 1991 (led by USSR) CIA: Central Intelligence Agency – created Sept. 18, 1947 from National Security Act – headquartered in Langley, Virginia KGB: Committee for State Security – created Jan. 1 st, 1954 – ended Dec. 3 rd, 1991 - headquartered in Moscow, Russia

12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

13. Warsaw Pact (1955) }U. S. S. R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania

14. China’s Communist Revolution }WWII – Japan occupies China }Chinese Communists & Nationalists join forces to fight Japan (Mao Zedong & Chiang Kai-shek) }The United States sends $3 billion in aid (Lend Lease Act) }Japan is defeated }Civil War breaks out in China and the U.S. aids Chiang Kai-shek because he’s not Communist }Mao’s forces triumph!

15. The Communist Victory

16. Reason’s for Mao’s Success }Mao won the support of peasants by promising land }Mao won the support of women }Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics }Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government was corrupt }Many Chinese people felt the Nationalist government allowed foreigners to dominate China

17. The Korean War: A “Police Action” {1950-1953} Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

18. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Japanese rule Korea from 1910-1945 38 th Parallel - Japanese surrender north of line to Soviets - Japanese surrender south of line to U.S. June 25 th, 1950 – N. Korea invades S. Korea UN & US send 520,000 troops to push N. Korea back Americans led by WWII hero- General Douglas MacArthur China helps N. Korea…push Americans out of North Korea Stalemate ! Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

19. Progression of Korean War

20. Korean War MacArthur demanded that he be allowed to nuke China, but Truman refused to let him MacArthur continued to openly criticize Truman and demanded to start a full scale war with China Truman fired MacArthur on April 11, 1951… loses next election Dwight D. Eisenhower elected next president Ceasefire: July 1953 36,516 KIA 92,134 Wounded 8,176 MIA 7,245 POW Cost= $67 Billion

21. American Led Coups 1953: CIA funded takeover of Iranian government and installed pro-American Shah Purpose was to get Shah to release oil fields in Iran to Western Companies ________________________ 1954: CIA was unsuccessful in covert operation to train Guatemalan army to overthrow Communist government Army’s leader became dictator

22. The Hungarian Revolution {1956} Hungary dominated by Soviet Union since WWII Imre Nagy – popular Communist leader promised free elections, denounced Warsaw Pact, and demanded Soviets leave Hungary November 1956: Soviet army kills 30,000 Hungarians Nagy was killed and U.S. did nothing to help Hungary

23. The Suez Crisis {1956-1957} Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal & refused to let ships use it if going to Israel British, French, Israelis sent troops to seize Mediterranean side of canal United Nations steps in to resolve conflict

24. Eisenhower Doctrine {1957} Soviet Union uses Suez War as excuse to go into Egypt President issues Eisenhower Doctrine… the U.S. will defend the Middle East against any attack by a Communist country Eisenhower develops new policy called brinkmanship… threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression U.S. creates H-Bomb – 1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb 1950s, U.S. families built fallout shelters… “Duck & Cover”

25. Sputnik I {1957} The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!