1. Development of Innovative Technology to Purify water from microorganisms and Purify Grey Water Purify Grey Water

2. Purification of drinking water from Pathogenic bacteria, viruses. Parasites And Cyanobacteria. Modeling filtration Regeneration Motivation

3. Reuse of grey water from sinks, showers, baths for irrigation and toilet flushing: 150-300 L/day or 55 -110 cubic meters per year per household. This reuse can save large amounts of fresh water nationally (100 million cubic meters/ year) and can save costs per household. Motivation

4. A clay mineral (montmorillonite) negatively charged (Alkylammonium)cation micelles New approach based on: alkylammonium cation micelle H2OH2O

5. The negatively charged clay adsorbs the positively-charged micelles

6. Characteristics of micelle-clay complexes The complex has a very large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge, about half of the exchange capacity of the clay. It is efficient in purification of water from : - Herbicides; anionic detergents; pharmaceuticals; natural dissolved organic materials (DOM), such as humic and fulvic acids. - Inorganic anions, such as perchlorate - Pathogenic microorganisms: Bacteria; Viruses Cryptosporidium

7. Experimental and calculated percentage of removal of Escherichia coli 10 6 /ml by two columns in series. Vol (L)Column 1Column 2 ExpCalcExpCalc 10100+099.7100+0100 4099+0.396.2100+0100 7070+18.173100+0100 7561+7.865.296+0.999.9 8053+18.156.492+499.8 R 0 =1.45*10 -12 M; C 1 =9*10 11 M -1 *min -1 and D 1 = 2*10-4 min -1. The value of RMSE was 2.3 and R 2 was 0.964.

8. Number of bacteria per 100 mL In initial solution Capacity: number of cubic meters purified to less than 1 bacterium per 100 mL per 1kg of granulated complex 1,000,000.52 10,000,000.44 100,000,000.13 Capacities of filters filled with granulated micelle-clay complex..Removal of E-coli bacteria. Regeneration was achieved.

9. Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum by a filter (20 mL/min) BDMHDA (100:1, w/w) Particles per mL Vol. Liter % Removal 10,000199.9 10,0002(100; 10mL/min) 99.4 10,000399.0

10. Virus removal Removal of a virus MS2 coliphage by a laboratory filter (100:1 w/w, BDMHDA) gave about five orders reduction in virus particles, in contrast to a filter filled with sand mixed with clay

11. Removal of E.coli S-17 bacteria by two filters in series, each 27 g of granulated complex BDMHDA- mont mixed with 640 g of sand Calculated percent of removal Experimental percent of removal Number of bacteria emerging per mL from the first and second columns Volume of filtered (L) 99.9 100 Column I. 0 Column II. 0 76 99.8 100 Column I. 0 Column II. 0 88 99.6 100 99.5 99.97 Column I. 18,300. Column II. 834. 94 92.9 100 93. 97.7 Column I. 233,000. Column II. 75,300. 136

12. Collecting grey water Grey water was collected from sinks and showers of a student dormitory, then transferred to an aerobic biological reactor.

13. Filtration

14. Grey Water. Bacterial Counts: effect of filtration Sample: Type of bacteria: Counts per 100 mL Initial Total count 31000000 Coliforms 7200000 ODTMA sand 1:100 ODTMA sand 1:100 Fecal Coliforms 2400000 After 15L 1-st column 1-st column Total count 69000 (0) (2-nd column) (2-nd column) Coliforms<1 Fecal Coliforms<1

15. Anionic detergents, Total Suspended solids and Turbidity: Effect of filtration. Sample:Measured quantitiesUnitsResult InitialAnionic Detergentsmg/L0.4 TSSmg/L26.3 TurbidityNTU3.05 After 4L 1-st columnAnionic Detergentsmg/L<0.1 TSSmg/L1 TurbidityNTU0.135

16. Grey water experiment Grey water collected from showers and sinks Removal of Organic materials by bio-reactor, cont. 30L of beads with total surface 15 m 2 circulated by compressed air. (Initial incubation of beads for 4 weeks in the reactor with GW) (Design and setup by prof. Jaap van Rijn)

17. Filtration of GW. Filter included 40 g of granulated complex mixed with 1200gr of sand (no bioreactor). Sample Fecal Coliforms (in 100ml): TSS(mg/L) COD(mg/L) Initial2.5E+0513.37.2 15L0 2.6- 30L5000 4.7 2.3

18. Filtration following a bioreactor Sample Fecal Coliforms (in 100ml): TSS(mg/L) COD(mg/L) Raw water1.5E+065820 Initial in reactor (range) 1.0E+05 400 447.2 4.3 30L 300L 350 L 0 7100 2.72.6

19. Enhanced capacity per mass of complex is expected for columns filled exclusively with complex. For large lab. filter first 300 L emerged without fecal coliforms. The capacity was 300L/40g= 7.5 L/g Determining capacity of filter

20. Mass of complex gram Days of filtration Capacity: L/g 227.2 81614.4 32 85; 3 cases > 75 19.1 3 cases > 16.9

21. Capacity for treatment of grey water in cubic meters per kg of complex increases when the filter is filled exclusively with granules of the complex. The exact value is still being determined by a long experiment which will end in April 2015. The estimates below are within 20% uncertainty: 30 m 3 / kg for a 2 week incubation in reactor 21 m 3 / kg for 1 day incubation. Capacity of filters

22. Size of equipment needed for replacement of filter filling after 1 year Number of families and treated volume Volume of biological reactor Size and volume of filter 1 family 300 L/ day 360 L 15cm*40 cm 7 L 28 families 7 m 3 60 cm*60 cm 7 m3/ day 170 L