Period 5 1844 – 1877  Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western.

Period 5 1844 – 1877

 Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.”  Page 54 of the Curriculum Framework  Big ideas:  What were the social, economic, and political impacts of Manifest Destiny and westward expansion?  What impact did the Mexican-American War have on politics?  What were reasons for, and goals on the nativist movement that emerges during this time? The New Curriculum

What is “Old Immigration?” What is it? Immigrants that came from Northern and Western Europe Specific countries? Ireland, Germany, England When did it occur? 1820s – 1870s What group made up the largest prior to the Civil War? Irish

Why did they come here? Where did they settle? Why they came here? Germans – farmers looking for land Irish – Potato Famine (1840s) “Black Forties” Settled in large cities in the Northeast Boston and New York Where did they settle? Germans – on the frontier and the Midwest and Northwest Ohio, Wisconsin, etc. Kindergarten

Nativism What is it? Fear, distrust, and hatred of foreigners Reasons for nativism: Different cultures Different languages Religion Irish and Germans “stole” elections Tended to vote Democratic Tammany Hall – NYC Immigrants “took” jobs Work for less money Would not unionize

The “Know-Nothing” Party What is it? Political party formed due to nativism Originated as the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner Wanted to ban Catholics from holding offices Called for tougher immigration and naturalization laws In 1856, Ex-President Millard Fillmore ran for President the Know-Nothing Party Won 21% of the popular vote By 1860, they were no longer a political threat

» James K. Polk becomes the 1 st “Dark-Horse” Candidate in US History ˃Surprise candidate at the Democratic Convention ˃Only wants a 4 year term and no re-election » Henry Clay was nominated by the Whigs » Polk was an avid expansionist » Defeats Clay ˃“Young Hickory” becomes president » Check out They Might Be Giants’ “James K. Polk”

1.Lower the tariff. 2.Restore the independent treasury. 3.Resolve the Oregon boundary dispute. 4.Acquire California.

» Remember, Polk was a Democrat ˃Democrats want to see the tariff rates go Down » Walker Tariff: ˃Reduced the tariff rates substantially ˃Helped lead to an increase in trade with other countries » Independent Treasury: ˃Democrats answer to not having a BUS ˃All government money would be held in the Treasury building and sub- treasuries in cities ˃No government money would be held in banks

 What is it? o Belief that it was America’s “God-Given” right to expand from coast to coast o Term that was created by John O’Sullivan  What time period is associated with it? o 1840s and 1850s o Although it has roots in the LA Purchase and Indian Removal Act  Key Associations: o Oregon o Texas o Mexican-American War

 At one time, four countries claimed Oregon: o Spain o Britain o Russia o US  The boundary was not settled between US and Great Britain  Polk campaigned on “54 °40’ or Fight”  Eventually, the two sides settle on the 49 th parallel

 Mexico had recently become independent from Spain… needed people/money in their Northern area that was mostly empty.  Americans (mostly Southern) are offered a nice package deal if they move to Texas… many do, and by 1935 Texans outnumber Mexicans in that region 10-1.  Austin asks Santa Anna to allow Texas Independence… he is thrown in jail.  In 1836, Texas (led by Houston) declared independence from Mexico  Alamo & Treaty of Velasco  Republic of Texas votes to join USA!  1844 presidential campaign focused on the issue of Texas  In 1845, Texas is annexed via a joint resolution  Southerners favored the admission as a way to expand slavery  The boundary was not settled by both US and Mexico  Helps lead to the……. Mexican-American War

 Causes: o Slidell Mission… money offered to Mexico for the West o Texas boundary @ the Rio Grande River o “American blood on American soil”  Battle of Buena Vista o General Zachary Taylor becomes a hero… president in 1848  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: o U.S. gained California, and modern-day NM, AZ, UT and NV -- ½ of Mexican territory o U.S. to pay $15 million o Mexico loses over 80% of its troops  Effects: o US gains Mexican Cession o Land increases by 1/3 o US now expands from Atlantic to the Pacific o Future Civil War generals get experience in this war o Gadsden Purchase later…  Debate over slavery would be #1 topic until the Civil War

 Native Americans: o They continually lost land and were pushed further and further west o Eventually, they were forced on reservations… or massacred (Sand Creek Massacre & Custer’s Last Stand  Environmental: o 1870s decline of Buffalo o Removing grass to plant crops led to erosion of soil… future consequences  Economic: o Homestead Act (1862): 160 acres of land would be given for a small fee to anyone that moved west o State and federal governments often gave subsidies ($ and land) to railroad companies to build o Railroad construction, new cities o Gold Rush/California, Mining – Comstock Lode – Silver settlements o Cattle Ranching o Trade with Asia  Slavery: o Manifest destiny thrust the issue of slavery into the national spotlight o Debate over whether new land should be slave or free  Politics o Wilmot Proviso o Republican Party: One of the platforms was to keep slavery from expanding

» Few Presidents have done as much in one term » Manifest Destiny is complete » Tensions between the North and South increase ˃Wilmot Proviso ˃Compromise of 1850

Taylor: Old Rough and Ready Popular Sovereignty (5.2.I.A) Compromise of 1850 (5.1.II.B) Gold RushCompromise of 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (5.1.I.D) –Britain and Nicaragua… later Panama

 Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:  Impacts of Mexican-American War  Nativism and characteristics of immigrants  Economic opportunities out west  Essay Questions:  Manifest Destiny and its impacts (Native Americans, slavery, Civil War, etc.)  How the government contributed to settlement out west Test Tips

Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 5.2 To Succeed In APUSH APUSH REVIEW: KEY CONCEPT 5.2 Period 5: 1844 – 1877

 Key Concept 5.2 “Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.”  Page 46 of the Curriculum Framework  Big ideas:  What were different factors that led to an increase in sectionalism?  What were different methods abolitionists used to achieve their goals?  Why did proposals to resolve the issue of slavery in territories ultimately fail? THE NEW CURRICULUM

 “The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s, and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism.” – pg 46 of the curriculum framework  Northern v. Southern economies:  North:  Manufacturing – use of free labor  Population grew rapidly - immigration  South:  More reliant on agriculture and slavery  Slow population growth  Abolitionism:  Minority in the North  Very noticeable campaign  William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator called for the IMMEDIATE end to slavery  Underground RR helped slaves escape – 1,000/ year  Some used violence to achieve goals:  Nat Turner’s Rebellion  David Walker’s Appeal  John Brown’s Raid KEY CONCEPT 5.2 I

 Many in the South defended slavery as a positive good  John C. Calhoun  Arguments used to defend slavery:  States’ Rights:  States could create laws to determine what’s in their own best interest  Nullification:  VA and KY Resolutions, SC Exposition and Protest – belief that states could nullify (void) federal laws  Racist Stereotypes:  Minstrel Shows:  White actors used blackface in shows that promoted racism and stereotypes  “Jim Crow” was a major character KEY CONCEPT 5.2 I CONTINUED

Henry Clay Henry Clay The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise. Most intense debate in U.S. History John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law South wanted California threatened to secede from U.S. U.S. should have two Presidents--- one from the North and one for the South Daniel Webster Daniel Webster Secession is impractical & impossible How would we split the land? The military? Compromise at all cost Preserve the Union

U.S. Senator from the state of IllinoisU.S. Senator from the state of Illinois Solve the slavery issue was through Popular SovereigntySolve the slavery issue was through Popular Sovereignty let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not.let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not.

 “Repeated attempts at political compromise failed to calm tensions over slavery and often made sectional tensions worse, breaking down the trust between sectional leaders and culminating in the bitter election of 1860, followed by the secession of slavery and southern states.” – pg 46 of the curriculum framework  Proposals to resolve the issue of slavery that ultimately failed to reduce tensions:  Compromise of 1850: (Introduced by Henry Clay at age 72)  Major Parts: 1.CA was added as a free state  Tips the balance in favor of free states 2.Slave Trade was abolished in DC  Slavery remained, just not the trade 3.Popular Sovereignty (Douglas) in land gained from Mexican Session  Those living in territories could decide status of slavery 4.More strict Fugitive Slave Act – will infuriate Northerners  Requires Northerners to aid in catching and return of slaves  Leads to Personal Liberty Laws  Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 Law that allowed for popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories The expectation was that Kansas would be slave, Nebraska would be free Overturned the Missouri Compromise Many in the North were upset Helped lead to the creation of the Republican Party KEY CONCEPT 5.2 II

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND (5.2.I.B)  Denounced by Abolitionists  Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published  Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law  Underground Railroad becomes more active

SOUTHERNERS RESPOND (5.2.I.C)  Southerners threatened secession and war  Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law.  5 th Amendment

 Demonstrates tension in Congress – sign of things to come  Civil War was averted  North had more time to industrialize  Most Northerners did not support war in 1850  Many in the North move towards the abolitionist movement  Personal Liberty Laws are not enforced in the North  Essentially nullification Impact of Compromise

Past Essay Topics  Analyze the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820 to 1861. (2004 Free Response)  In the early nineteenth century, Americans sought to resolve their political disputes through compromise, yet by 1860 this no longer seemed possible. Analyze the reasons for this change. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1820- 1860 in constructing your response. (2005 Form B DBQ)  Analyze how western expansion contributed to growing sectional tensions between the North and the South. Confine your answer to the period from 1800 to 1850. (2012 Free Response)

 Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:  Abolitionists’ methods  Defenses of slavery  Failed attempts at resolving slavery issues: Compromise of 1850, KS- NB, and Dred Scott  Republican Party and Lincoln’s election platform  Essay Questions:  Increase in sectional tensions  1860 election as a turning point TEST TIPS

 Proposals to resolve the issue of slavery that ultimately failed to reduce tensions:  Dred Scott v. Sanford: 1.African Americans (regardless if they were free or slave) were NOT citizens and could not sue in court 2.Slaves were considered property and could not be taken away without “due process” (5 th amendment) 3.Congress could not regulate slavery in territories  Tensions between the North and South increase  Democratic Party splits along sectional lines  The end of the Second Party System was caused by:  Issues of slavery and nativism -> helped lead to sectional parties (see election of 1860)  Republican Party emerged in the North and Midwest:  Made up of Free-Soilers and some former Whigs  Lincoln’s Presidential Platform in 1860 was the NONEXTENSION of slavery  Ultimately, this would lead to many southern states seceding, causing the Civil War KEY CONCEPT 5.2 II CONTINUED

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in decade! So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Pierce Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party American Party “Know-Nothings”American Party -- Nativists. – Anti-Catholics. – Anti-immigrants.

Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

Free-Soil city Burned by pro-slavery individuals Exhibited the tensions in KS over popular sovereignty and slavery

“Bleeding Sumner” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

John Brown (Harpers Ferry fame) and his sons plot revenge for Lawrence and Charles Sumner He and his followers kill 5 pro-slavery individuals Brown and his followers leave Kansas Fighting continues throughout the 1850s

Foreign Policy (5.1.I.D) Gadsden Purchase – bought a little more of land from Mexico. Japan –Kanagawa (first treaty between Japan and US) Ostend Manifesto - was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused.

1856 Election Results James Buchanan

Buchanan Lecompton Constitution Dred Scott (5.2.II.A)Dred Scott Panic of 1857 Slavery –Hinton Helper-Impending Crisis (5.2.I.B) –Lincoln-Douglas Debates (5.2.I.B)Lincoln-Douglas Debates –Harpers Ferry (5.2.I.B)Harpers Ferry

Kansas applied for statehood Voters could vote for a constitution with or without slavery HOWEVER, if they voted without slavery, those slaves that were already in Kansas could stay and be slaves Sham election Free-Soilers refuse to vote President Buchanan supports the Constitution Kansas does not become a state until early 1861, as a free state

Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue Can a slave sue for his freedom? Is a slave property? Is slavery legal?

Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law Free states pass personal liberty laws. Republicans claim the decision is not binding Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union. Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property. They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional In order for African Americans to become citizens, a new court case, or amendment would be needed 14th amendment (granted citizenship)

“They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.” Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted.

EARLY ABOLITIONISM Quakers Colonial Era abolitionists American Colonization Society Founded in 1817 Goal was to send former slaves to Africa (Liberia) Prominent members included Henry Clay, Abraham Lincoln (early on) and many others Most African – Americans did NOT want to go

IMPORTANT ABOLITIONISTS Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Showed the evils of slavery and breaking up families Theodore Dwight Weld: American Slavery As It Is Married Angelina Grimké Angelina and Sarah Grimké Southern women that advocated abolitionism and women’s rights Harriet Tubman: Former slave, helped other slaves escape via the Underground Railroad Helped over 300 slaves

IMPORTANT ABOLITIONISTS David Walker Called for unity among blacks, violence to end slavery Elijah Lovejoy Minster and newspaper editor from Illinois A mob burned his warehouse where his printing press was; shot and killed Helped inspire John Brown John Brown: Part of “Bleeding Kansas” and architect of the raid at Harpers Ferry

2 ABSOLUTELY MUST-KNOW ABOLITIONISTS William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator Called for the immediate end to slavery without compensation Disliked the Constitution since it allowed slavery; urged secession by the North Frederick Douglass Former slave, great orator, published The North Star Traveled to Europe to speak against slavery Attended the women’s rights movement at Seneca Falls

Violent abolitionist Involved in the Bleeding Kansas Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct. of 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt.

Unsuccessful and captured by troops under the leadership of Robert E. Lee Put on trial for treason.

He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood.”His last words were to this effect: “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood.” Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.

The Election of 1860 Everything You Need To Know About The Election Of 1860 To Succeed In APUSH

Background Info James Buchanan (incumbent) is NOT running for re-election Democratic Party was split along sectional lines – Douglass’ “Freeport Doctrine” John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry took place one year before ◦The South fears Republicans and the North are “John Brown loving abolitionists”

The Candidates Democratic Candidate: ◦North – Stephen Douglass – advocate of popular sovereignty ◦South – John C. Breckenridge – Buchanan’s VP Republican Candidate: ◦Abe Lincoln – free-soil platform – nonextension of slavery Constitutional Union Party: ◦John Bell – hoped to preserve the union

Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois. The debates were followed by the country. Slavery was the issue Lincoln stated:Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. was against the expansion of slavery Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. Popular sovereignty

Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery….. Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln RepublicanAbraham Lincoln Republican √ Abraham Lincoln RepublicanAbraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860 (5.2.II.C)  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

 Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery.  Lincoln will win without a single southern vote.  Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina will secede from the U.S. along with several other Southern States.  They will form the Confederate States of America---CSA 303 total electoral votes and 152 to win.

Lame Duck Time South Carolina and 6 others Crittenden Compromise (5.2.II.A)Crittenden Compromise Buchanan sits Senator John J. Crittenden (Know- Nothing-KY)

Lincoln’s Inauguration No compromise No expansion Death Threats Fort Sumpter

Impact Immediate cause of the Civil War Southern states begin to secede before Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861 ◦SC (12/20/1860) ◦MS (1/9/1861) ◦FL (1/10/1861) ◦AL (1/11/1861) ◦GA (1/19/1861) ◦LA (2/1/1861) ◦Buchanan did NOTHING to stop the secession! More secede after the war starts on 4/12/1861 ◦VA (4/17/1861) ◦AR (5/6/1861) ◦TN (5/7/1861) ◦NC (5/20/1861)

MAIN DIFFERENCES: State’s rights Tariffs are equal throughout the CSA Slavery is legal and is allowed to expand! Confederate States of America United States Constitution. When the Confederate States of America was formed, its founders wrote a constitution similar to the United States Constitution. Its differences, however, indicate how the South Wanted to change their structure of government.

Test Tips Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions: ◦Lincoln’s platform was for the NON-EXTENSION of slavery ◦Immediate cause secession and Civil War Essay Questions: ◦Failures of compromises ◦1860 election as a turning point

KEY CONCEPT 5.3

Causes of the War Long-term: ◦Expansion of slavery ◦Popular Sovereignty ◦States’ Rights vs. Federal Power ◦Uncle Tom’s Cabin Immediate: ◦Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860  Lincoln wanted to PRESERVE the Union in the beginning April 12, 1861: ◦Fort Sumter

The New Curriculum  Key Concept 5.3 “The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.”  Page 46 of the Curriculum Framework  Big ideas:  Why did the North ultimately prevail in the Civil War?  How did Reconstruction affect the relationship between Congress and the presidency?  What impacts did the 14 th and 15 th amendments have on women and African Americans?

Born in Kentucky Self-educated Congressmen from Illinois Abolitionist First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party Minority president Born in Kentucky Self-educated Congressmen from Illinois Abolitionist First Presidential candidate for the Republican Party Minority president Born in Kentucky Served as Secretary of War Senator from Mississippi Slaveowner Served as Secretary of State First and only President of the CSA Born in Kentucky Served as Secretary of War Senator from Mississippi Slaveowner Served as Secretary of State First and only President of the CSA

“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage was its economy”

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

The Border States What were border states? ◦Slave states that did NOT secede during the Civil War ◦Many fought on BEHALF of the Union. Which states did this include? ◦Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (later)

civil liberties Suspended “civil liberties” or parts of the Constitution writ of habeas corpus: Protects from unfair arrest and trial by jury… only Congress can do this. Ex Parte Merriman (1861): Court ruled President could not suspend Habeas Corpus, Lincoln ignored the decision Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by military---- “martial law” Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without “probable cause”---suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers. Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1 st amendment rights of “free speech and press”. First Income Tax Greenbacks 1 st paper money

Key Terms To Know Conscription: ◦Draft (forced enlistment)  Substitutes could be hired for people that were drafted  NYC Draft Riots (1863) ◦ 100s of people were killed Contraband: ◦Escaped slaves that crossed over into the Union ◦Worked at camps and fought in the war Copperheads: ◦Democrats that spoke out against the war

Phase One Anaconda Plan Bull Run Antietam: ◦Bloodiest day of the war  South withdraws ◦Helped persuade Europe to NOT intervene on behalf of the South ◦Helps lead to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation Issued on January 1, 1863 Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion ◦Not in Border States ◦Not in areas under Union control  New Orleans Helped change the goal(s) of the war ◦Originally, the war was fought to preserve the Union

AbolitionistsAbolitionists pressured Lincoln to free the slaves. Battle of AntietamAfter the Battle of Antietam, he announced that the slaves would be freed. rebellionBecame effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those states still in rebellion. Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in US “first”Lincoln’s “first” step towards ending slavery. 13th Amendment“Final step” 13th Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. 1865 would legally and constitutionally abolish slavery.

Freed all slaves in states in rebellion against the US Did not apply to slaves in border states fighting for US No affect on southern areas already under US control. Kept Great Britain from siding with the South and becoming an ally. Freed all slaves in states in rebellion against the US Did not apply to slaves in border states fighting for US No affect on southern areas already under US control. Kept Great Britain from siding with the South and becoming an ally.

African Americans in the War Beginning in 1862, African Americans could enlist in the war 54 th Regiment… organized by Frederick Douglass ◦See the movie “Glory” Fought in segregated units Often did manual labor African Americans were paid less than whites Over 200,000 freed slaves fought for the US

Women in the War As men fought in the war, women’s employment opportunities increased ◦Teachers, factories, and nursing National Woman’s Loyal League: ◦Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony ◦Hoped to abolish slavery and gain female suffrage Clara Barton: ◦Helped distribute medical supplies during the war ◦Later founded the Red Cross

Phase Two Meade Hooker Burnside

Gettysburg Address Issued on November 19, 1863 ◦Dedicated the battlefield as a cemetery Referenced the Declaration of Independence ◦4 score and 7 years ago (87 years ago) “we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

DATEBATTLEVICTORRESULT Feb. 1862Fort DonelsonUnionControlled the Ohio River March 1862Fort HenryUnionControlled Cumberland River April 1862ShilohUnionControlled Tennessee River April 1862New OrleansUnionControlled mouth of Mississippi July 1863Vicksburg UnionControlled Mississippi River * split Confederacy in half *Turning Point Battle

Grant captures Vicksburg, splits the CSA in half. USA controls the Mississippi River. Grant captures Vicksburg, splits the CSA in half. USA controls the Mississippi River.

The End and Effects of the War April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant in Virginia at Appomattox. April 14, 1865, Lincoln is watching a play and assassinated by Booth Reconstruction ◦Presidential v. Congressional ◦Amendments: 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th

Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

Reconstruction: An Intro What was it? ▫Attempting to achieve national unification after the Civil War Key questions regarding Reconstruction: ▫Who would control it? Congress? President? ▫How would South be treated?

Lincoln vs. Congressional Reconstruction Lincoln: Favorable to the South Lincoln’s 10% Plan: ▫If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledged loyalty to US, state could be readmitted ▫Congress felt it was too lenient Wade-Davis Bill: ▫Congress (Republicans) sought 50% of voters in 1860 election to pledge allegiance ▫Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln

President Andrew Johnson  Jacksonian Democrat.  Anti-Aristocrat.  White Supremacist.  Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Johnson His Reconstruction Plan was similar to Lincoln ▫10% ▫Ratification of the 13 th Amendment ▫Confederates could appeal to him for a pardon… gave amnesty to most Southerners ▫Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Disliked by “Radical Republicans” ▫Johnson was a Democrat from the South Impeached for violating Tenure of Office Act ▫Secretary of War Stanton ▫Johnson was not removed

Why did “Radical” Reconstruction occur? Congress (Republicans) wanted to maintain their power ▫2 key Congressmen: Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner Former Confederate officials ran for federal office ▫Former CSA VP Alexander Stevens Black Codes ▫Regulated affairs of freedmen; conditions similar to slavery South was divided into 5 military zones

Reconctruction  Effects of Republicans to reconstruct the South?  Change in the balance of power between the Presidency and Congress Presidential v. Radical Reconstruction – Congress determined when to re-admit states Johnson’s vetoes and Congressional overrides Impeachment of Andrew Johnson  Reunited the Union  Political and leadership opportunities for former slaves:  Rearranged relationships between whites and blacks in the South (albeit temporarily) Hiram Revels – Senator from MS (Jefferson Davis’ former seat), first African American to serve in the Senate

Freedmen’s Bureau Goal: ▫Help former slaves survive and adjust ▫Food, medicine, and clothing were provided to former slaves and poor whites ▫Johnson vetoes and Congress overrides Promised “40 Acres and a Mule” ▫Rarely happened Biggest Success of the Freedmen’s Bureau? ▫EDUCATION!

The Emancipation Proclamation gave a moral cause to the Civil War Lincoln worried that it would not be applicable post-Civil War Republicans wanted to gain power in the South post Civil War Radical Republicans sought to punish former Confederate leaders

13 th Amendment = What the amendment did: Abolished slavery EVERYWHERE in the US Huge economic and social implications for the country 14 th Amendment = What it did: Section 1 – Born in the US? You’re a citizen (Overturned Dred Scott decision); equal protection of laws – used frequently in the future Section 3 – Confederate officials could not hold US office – sorry Alexander Stephens 15 th Amendment = What it did: Provided suffrage for African American males Helped provide for large Republican support from blacks in the South

Women’s Rights Movement: The 14 th and 15 th amendments divided the group Frederick Douglass and others favored black suffrage PRIOR to women’s suffrage Lucy Stone and the American Women Suffrage Association hoped to achieve suffrage after Reconstruction Elizabeth Cady Stanton feared suffrage was not likely near, National Woman Suffrage Association advocated an amendment for women’s suffrage Ways Southern states got around the amendments: Sharecropping Segregation – Jim Crow laws Violence – KKK intimidated many southern blacks and discouraged voting Supreme Court decisions: Civil Rights Cases – Congress could not prohibit discrimination by private businesses and individuals Plessy v. Ferguson – upheld separate but equal facilities Local political tactics: Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses Eventually, these amendments were used in court decisions that upheld civil rights Brown v. Board of Education, court cases of the 1960s (Warren Court) that increased rights of the accused

Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions: Ways Southern states got around the 14 th and 15 th amendments Impact of the 14 th amendment on women’s rights groups Essay Questions: Comparing the effectiveness of amendments over time (how the Civil Rights Era of the 1950s and 1960s completed the goals of the amendments)

Key Reconstruction Terms Scalawags: ▫Southerners that favored Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: ▫Northerners that moved South during Reconstruction Force Acts: ▫Passed in response to KKK, Federal troops used to quell KKK

 (5.3.II.C)  As southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights.  The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:  Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset.  Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.  Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.  Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

President Johnson’s Impeachment  Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.  Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.  The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial  11 week trial.  Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors  Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).  Edmund Ross

Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy”

Grant Administration Scandals  Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring.  Salary Grab

Corrupt political leader put New York City in debt Political boss Political boss 1851 elected to city council 1852 served in Congress Kept Democratic Party in power in NYC called Tammany Hall Formed the Tweed Ring Bought votes, encouraged corruption, controlled NYC politics Later exposed of his corruption

 First Black Senators and representatives in the 41 st and 42 nd Congress.  Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in 1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson Davis.  (5.3.II.B)  First Black Senators and representatives in the 41 st and 42 nd Congress.  Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in 1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson Davis.  (5.3.II.B)

Blacks in Southern Politics (5.3.II.B)  Core voters were black veterans.  Blacks were politically unprepared.  Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.  The 15 th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. 1870

Legal Challenges Women  Bradwell v. IL (1873) (5.3.III.B) -Rule against Anthony for voting

The Failure of Federal Enforcement (5.3.II.C)  Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].  “The Lost Cause.”  The rise of the “Bourbons.”  Redeemers (prewar Dems. and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (5.3.II.B)  Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places.  Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.  Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.  No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

Key Concept 5.3 II Cont.  Why did Radical Republicans not succeed in changing racial attitudes, culture, and establishing a base for their party?  Determined Southern Resistance: “Redeemer” governments: Local and state governments that ousted Republican governments Often done through violence and intimidation KKK terrorized blacks and Republicans  North’s waning resolve: Death of Charles Sumner in 1874 Panic of 1873 tainted Republican Party and many began to call for a smaller government

Northern Support Wanes  “Grantism” & corruption.  Panic of 1873 [6-year depression].  Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.  Key monetary issues: * should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War. * should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.

End of Reconstruction Why did it end? ▫Compromise of 1877 The compromise settled the disputed 1876 election ▫Hayes (Republican) became President ▫ENDED MILITARY RULE IN THE SOUTH! ▫Southerner appointed to cabinet Impact of end of Reconstruction? ▫Jim Crow Laws  Upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson ▫Disenfranchisement for blacks

Test Tips  Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:  Reasons for the Union’s victory in the Civil War  Ways the South resisted Reconstruction Amendments  How Reconstruction changed relationship between Congress and the presidency  Essay Questions:  Connecting Reconstruction Amendments to Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-60s  Political and Social impacts of Reconstruction on American society

Compromise of 1877

Background Info Election of 1876: ▫Samuel Tilden (Democrat from NY) ▫Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican from Ohio) Samuel Tilden received more popular votes To receive an electoral majority, one needed 185 electoral votes ▫Tilden – 184 ▫Hayes - 165 However, 3 states had disputed election returns: ▫FL, LA, SC 20 electoral votes were up for grabs

The Commission A commission is set up to settle the electoral dispute ▫8 Republicans, 7 Democrats On March 2, 1877 (2 days before the inauguration) all 20 votes were awarded to Hayes Hayes wins 185 - 184

The Compromise….. In return for Hayes becoming President, the following conditions were met: 1.All remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South (Reconstruction ENDS!!!!!) ▫As a result, African American rights decrease drastically ▫“The Great Betrayal” 2.Hayes would appoint a southerner to his cabinet ▫David McKendree – TN, Postmaster General 3.The South would receive $ for a railroad

The Great Compromise (1787) The issue: How would representation in Congress be determined? The views: Small State (NJ) Favored 1 house legislature, based on equal representation Large State (VA) Favored bicameral legislature, representation would be based on population The result: Bicameral (2-house) legislature One house would be based on population (House of Reps) One house would be equal representation (Senate)

The 3/5 Compromise (1787) The issue: How would slaves be counted towards representation in Congress? The views: North: Slaves should not count since they are not citizens South: Slaves should count since they are a large portion of population The result: 3/5 slaves (60%) will count towards representation in the House

Compromise of 1820 The issue: MO wanted enter union as a slave state Would upset the balance of free and slave Three aspects: Missouri would enter as a slave state Maine would enter as a free state (carved from MA) 3630 – every future state above would be free, every state below would be slave The result: Increase sectional tensions between North and South Eventually overturned by Kansas-Nebraska Act

Compromise of 1850 The issue: What would happen to land gained from Mexican Cession? Would it be free or slave? Five Parts: Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession Fugitive Slave Law (more harsh) Abolition of slave trade in D.C. California is admitted as a free state Texas paid $10 for boundary dispute Significance: Avoided Civil War for 10 years Last hurrah for Great Triumvirate (Clay, Webster, Calhoun)

Compromise of 1877 The issue: Who won the presidential election of 1876 Tilden (Democrat) Hayes (Republican) Three states had conflicting electoral results (20 votes) Tilden needed only 1 The result: Hayes is declared the winner in return for: Removal of troops from the South (Reconstruction IS OVER!) Southerner must be named to Hayes’ cabinet $ to South

APUSH Review: Key Documents To Know From Period 5 Everything You Need To Know About Period 5 Documents To Succeed In APUSH

William Lloyd Garrison Who was he? Publisher of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper “I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as un-compromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm;….. – but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - and I will be heard.” Possible multiple-choice and short answer tips: Example of abolitionism in North, although a minority Used fierce arguments against the institution of slavery

Manifest Destiny What do we notice? Columbia is moving westward with telegraph lines Many Americans are moving westward - towards darkness Native Americans are moving further west Implications of the cartoon? Manifest Destiny is seen as positive Possible multiple-choice and short answer tips: Environmental transformation near-extinction of the buffalo Impact on groups of people Native Americans, families, etc. Ways the government encouraged expansion Homestead Act (1862), RR subsidies John Gast, American Progress, 1872

Wilmot Proviso What was it? An amendment to a bill that proposed banning slavery in the Mexican Cession land What did it say? “Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.” Possible multiple-choice and short answer tips: Impact of the Mexican American War Example of heated controversy over slavery in newly acquired territories

Kansas-Nebraska Act What do we notice? 4 Democrats Slave being forced down a free-soiler’s throat Implications of cartoon? KS-NB Act is seen as negative Democratic Party is the culprit Possible multiple- choice and short answer tips: KS-NB was a proposal to settle issue of slavery in territories Overturned the MO Compromise Instituted popular sovereignty in KS and NB Violence soon emerged in “Bleeding Kansas” James Buchanan Louis Cass Franklin Pierce Steven Douglas

The Caning of Charles Sumner Why did this happen? Charles Sumner criticized slavery and its supporters (Andrew Butler) Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks took exception to Sumner’s speech Possible multiple-choice and short answer tips: Example of breaking down of trust between leaders Demonstrates tensions between North and South Helped inspire violent abolitionism (John Brown) Southern Chivalry – Argument versus Club’s, 1856

The Election of 1860 What do we notice? Lincoln won, without carrying a single southern state Democratic Party was split along sectional lines: North - Douglas, South - Breckinridge Multiple-Choice and Short Answer tips: Lincoln’s campaigned on a Free-soil platform - Nonextension of slavery Impact of Election? Southern states began to secede from the Union Electoral map of the Election of 1860

Lincoln’s Letter to Horace Greeley, April 22, 1862 Message of the excerpt? Lincoln, in the beginning, sought to preserve the union at all costs Multiple-choice and short answer tips: How Lincoln’s war goals changed as time elapsed Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address “I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was." If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.”

Reconstruction: 15th Amendment What do we notice? African American males are lining up to vote Military official - impact of Emancipation Proclamation Implications of the cartoon? Black suffrage is seen as positive Multiple-choice and short answer question tips: Southern resistance to 15th amendment Impacts of the amendment on the Women’s Rights groups The First Vote, 1867

Reconstruction: Resistance to Civil Rights What do we notice? KKK and White League are joining hands “Worse than slavery” Implications of cartoon? KKK, White League, and other organizations terrorized African Americans Would use violence to meet their goals Multiple-choice and short answer tips: Organizations were formed to resist the 13 - 15 amendments Southern resistance to Radical Republicans and Reconstruction was strong

Now It’s Your Turn… On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State in rebellion against the United States, shall be forever free... Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander- in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States...do order and designate [appoint] the following States as being in rebellion: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. And I hereby call upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. And I further declare and make known, that such persons will be received into the armed service of the United States. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God. By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Period 5 1844 – 1877  Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western.

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Period 5 1844 – 1877  Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western.

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Presentation on theme: "Period 5 1844 – 1877  Key Concept 5.1 “The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western."— Presentation transcript:

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