1. The Home front & the End of WWII APUSH ch 25 part 2

2. Home front How did WWII affect the home front? – Large migrations – many people moved for jobs Rural to urban, and westward – Esp. blacks out of South – New roles/opportunities for women Jobs in factories (Rosie the Riveter) Jobs in military – WACS, WAVES, WASPS New autonomy for women – problems? – Lack of fed. Provided child care – Education understaffed – female teachers left for higher paying jobs (school dropouts also increased) – Marriage rates climb, as do divorce and childbirth rates

3. Home front How did the war affect racial issues? – New econ. Opportunities for blacks Industrial jobs Military – segregated units, no combat units until very end of war – A. Phillip Randolph pushes FDR to allow blacks into military – Tuskegee Airmen – all-black fighter pilot squadron – Other groups contributed: Navajos used language as code in Pacific, Japanese- Americans served in segregated units » 442 nd Regimental Combat team – Nisei Regiment – most decorated of war in Europe – New push for civil rights Double V strategy – win war against fascism and discrimination in US CORE founded in 1942 (James Farmer) NAACP membership rises – Also heightened tensions Discrimination still existed in defense industries Zoot suit riots in LA – anti-Latino sentiment

4. Home front What was the experience of Japanese-Americans during the War? – Served in segregated military units – Those on west coast put into internment camps – Why? Fear of loyalty to Japan & racism Economic opportunity Korematsu v. U.S. – Supreme CT upholds decision – Not overturned until 1990s Living camps (not concentration camps) – unpleasant, unjust

6. End of War – Europe How did war in Europe end? – Eastern front – Soviet manpower and industrial output turns tide after 1943 Key German losses at Leningrad, Stalingrad, Kursk – Germans lost over 1,000,000 troops in Russian sieges and gained nothing Soviet army pushes toward Berlin, occupying Eastern Europe in process – Puppet regimes after war – D-Day – Allied invasion of France (Normandy) aka Operation Overlord Amphibious and airborne invasion Breakout – liberate France Massive bombing of Germany by air (Dresden) Slow steady push toward Germany after – Western front – after battle of the Bulge, German army crippled Allies push to cross Rhine before Germans destroy every bridge Allied armor crosses at Remagen, pushes toward capital – Yalta conference – 1945 – USSR pledges to help vs. Japan sometime after Germany defeated US promises to give USSR concessions in Manchuria, Pacific (sorry, China) USSR promises some free elections in East Europe – FDR dies in April 1945, Truman becomes Pres. – Hitler commits suicide in late April German high command surrenders on May 7, 1945 VE day = May 8, 1945 Details of Holocaust slowly emerge Potsdam Conference after war in Europe

7. D-Day

13. End of War – Pacific How does Pacific Theater come to an end? – US island hopping strategy works Islands used as bases for air raids Midway – naval victory Guadalcanal – major victory for US Philippines liberated – Fighting gets more intense Japanese – NO SURRENDER!!! Fighting on Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa shows Japan will LITERALLY fight to the last man (or woman, or child) US blockades Japan in 1945, continues air attacks Contemplates invasion

17. Fall of Japan What are US options vs. Japan? – Continue blockade and air attacks (for how long)? – Proceed w/ invasion (some experts estimate over 1,000,000 casualties) – Drop atomic bombs Decision – Truman asks Japan for unconditional surrender in late July – Japan refuses – 1 st bomb – Hiroshima – Aug. 6, 1945 – Enola Gay Approx. 100,000 killed Japan does not surrender – 2 nd bomb – Nagasaki – Aug. 9, 1945 Approx. 80,000 killed Japan surrenders Aug. 14 VJ Day – war is over

22. Atomic Bomb Controversy What were the controversial questions? – Wouldn’t Japan have been forced to surrender after a longer blockade? – Should we have asked for unconditional surrender? – Should we have demonstrated power of bomb? – Did we do it to intimidate USSR? – Was it morally justified (civilian targets)? – Did racism play a factor? – Was a second bomb necessary?

23. Effects of War 60 million people dead – Over half civilians – 10 million in Holocaust (6 million Jews, ¾ of all Jews in Europe) US becomes world’s top military & econ. Superpower USSR other military superpower Germany & Japan both occupied, rebuilt UN created Soviet control of Eastern Europe (spheres of influence) US becomes middle-class society (more money to people) New opportunities for women & minorities – Stirrings of civil rights movement US industry booms US “baby boom” Greater mobility in US New business/advertising/industrial/entertainment models – mass production, mass marketing, mass consumption Nuremburg Trials & Geneva Conventions – re-write rules of war Creation of Israel – sows seeds on unrest in Mid-East Expanded role of fed. Gov’t and Pres. In US Ends Depression in US Permanent military-industrial complex in US