1. The Civil War is Coming Sectional Tensions Grow and Mounting Violence

2. Sectionalism and the Causes of the Civil War

3. After the War with Mexico War with Mexico War with Mexico From 1846-1848, the U.S. went to war with Mexico. From 1846-1848, the U.S. went to war with Mexico.

5. War with Mexico After the war, the U.S. gained what is now part or all of California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico After the war, the U.S. gained what is now part or all of California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico America now stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Manifest Destiny was working. America now stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Manifest Destiny was working.

7. After the War with Mexico After the War with Mexico America had a lot of new land. After the War with Mexico America had a lot of new land. This made sectional tensions grow. This made sectional tensions grow. The BIG question? – Should SLAVERY be able to expand westward with the settlers? The BIG question? – Should SLAVERY be able to expand westward with the settlers? PLUS, many southerners wanted there to be new laws about how to retrieve escaped slaves in free territory. PLUS, many southerners wanted there to be new laws about how to retrieve escaped slaves in free territory. What else is going on during this time? What else is going on during this time? The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening focused on helping poor, immigrants, women, and other underprivileged. focused on helping poor, immigrants, women, and other underprivileged. The Second Great awakening also focused on ridding society of sin and evils such as alcohol (Temperance Movement) The Second Great awakening also focused on ridding society of sin and evils such as alcohol (Temperance Movement) The largest sin in America, however, was … The largest sin in America, however, was … Slavery! Slavery!

9. The Mexican War opened vast new lands to American settlers. This increase in land once again led to increased debate over whether slavery should be allowed to spread westward. This increase in land once again led to increased debate over whether slavery should be allowed to spread westward.  As part of this debate, Southerners also wanted new laws to help them capture escaped African Americans.

10. The Wilmot Proviso Wilmot Proviso August 1846 Wilmot Proviso August 1846 David Wilmot. He was a Democrat from Penn. David Wilmot. He was a Democrat from Penn. He said that any territory that was gained from Mexico should not ever have slavery. He said that any territory that was gained from Mexico should not ever have slavery. Wilmot believed that President Polk was pro-southern. Wilmot believed that President Polk was pro-southern. Wilmot made the south mad! South said that any anti- slavery decision would hurt the south, and threaten slavery everywhere. Wilmot made the south mad! South said that any anti- slavery decision would hurt the south, and threaten slavery everywhere.

11. Wilmont Proviso had divided the North and the South even further. Northern Dem. And Whigs would pass the Wilmot Proviso in the House, but the senate would refuse to vote on the issue. Northern Dem. And Whigs would pass the Wilmot Proviso in the House, but the senate would refuse to vote on the issue. Popular Sovereignty and the Wilmot Proviso had divided the North and the South even further. Popular Sovereignty and the Wilmot Proviso had divided the North and the South even further.

14. Lewis Cass Lewis Cass of Michigan Lewis Cass of Michigan Cass said that each state should have their own choice if they want to be a slave or a free state. They could vote on it. The Idea of Popular Sovereignty. Cass said that each state should have their own choice if they want to be a slave or a free state. They could vote on it. The Idea of Popular Sovereignty. This took the choice making problem off of the Federal Government. This took the choice making problem off of the Federal Government. Gave the new settlers the power. Gave the new settlers the power.

15. Free-Soil Party There was a new political party. The Free-Soil Party. There was a new political party. The Free-Soil Party. The Whig party in the north had split in to two groups. The Whig party in the north had split in to two groups. 1. Conscience Whigs- did not like the practice of slavery, and they hated Zachary Taylor. 1. Conscience Whigs- did not like the practice of slavery, and they hated Zachary Taylor. 2. Cotton Whigs- They supported slavery. They were linked to cloth makers in the north that needed southern cotton to make their product. 2. Cotton Whigs- They supported slavery. They were linked to cloth makers in the north that needed southern cotton to make their product.

17. Free-Soil Party The nomination of Zachary Taylor in the election of 1848 made a great deal of Whigs leave the party. They also did not want slavery to expand to the new territories in the west. The nomination of Zachary Taylor in the election of 1848 made a great deal of Whigs leave the party. They also did not want slavery to expand to the new territories in the west. Conscience Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, and members of the Abolitionist Liberty Party joined to make the Free-Soil Party. Conscience Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, and members of the Abolitionist Liberty Party joined to make the Free-Soil Party.

19. Free-Soil Party

20. Election of 1848

24. ZacharyTaylor Southern Whig and Cotton Whig Supported by N. cotton mills, Popular Sovereignty MartinVanBuren Free-Soil Party Opposed spread of slavery, backed Wilmont Proviso LewisCassDemocrat Popular Sovereignty but not mentioned in South

25. The California Gold Rush  By the end of 1849, nearly 80,000 “Forty- Niners” had arrived in the territory in search of gold.  California needed a strong government to maintain order.  Californians applied for statehood as a free state.  This forced the nation to debate the issue of slavery once again.

26. California Should it be Free or Slave? It will become a Free State. December 1849 California becomes a state.

27. Compromise of 1850

28. 28

29. Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri is admitted as slave holding and Maine as free. The southern border of Missouri is marked as the farthest north slavery is allowed to expand in the future.

30. Compromise of 1850

32. This compromise had five essential measures: 1) California became a free state 2) Texas is set at its present limits (along the Rio Grande) and gets paid $10 million in compensation by the U.S. for the loss of New Mexico territory 3) New Mexico and Utah were organized based on popular sovereignty 4) Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened 5) Slave trade was abolished in District of Columbia ` The Compromise of 1850 had abolished the slave trade, not slavery itself, in Washington D.C.

33. Leading to War

34. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Event – Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) South – South portrayed as evil villains. Mass protests. North – 1 million copies sold. Antislavery movement grows. Originally a serial in anti-slavery newspapers, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in book form in 1852. It sold 300,000 copies in its first year. Originally a serial in anti-slavery newspapers, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in book form in 1852. It sold 300,000 copies in its first year. Stowe presented slave as real people imprisoned in dreadful circumstances. Stowe presented slave as real people imprisoned in dreadful circumstances. Stowe was able to invoke pity and outrage in her normally apathetic readers. Stowe was able to invoke pity and outrage in her normally apathetic readers. This book of course, met serious resistance in the South. This book of course, met serious resistance in the South.

35. 35 Simon LeGree whipping Uncle Tom Topsy Uncle Tom Little Eva and Uncle Tom Eliza Main characters from Uncle Tom’s Cabin

37. 37 Escaping from slavery: the Underground Railroad Neither "underground" nor a "railroad," this informal system was a loosely constructed network of escape routes which originated in the South, intertwined throughout the North and eventually ended in Canada. Escape routes were not just in the North, but also extended into Western territories, Mexico and the Caribbean. From 1830 to 1865, the Underground Railroad reached its peak as abolitionists and sympathizers who condemned slavery helped large numbers of slaves win their freedom. Workers on the Underground Railroad did more then speak out against slavery they helped slaves get out of slavery. There was no formal organization. It relied upon individuals cooperating to help the enslaved escape to freedom.

38. 38 Uncle Tom’s Cabin The pen is mightier than the sword. ”The object of these sketches is to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us; to show their wrongs and sorrows, under a system so necessarily cruel and unjust as to defeat and do away the good effects of all that can be attempted for them, by their best friends, under it.” Harriet Beecher Stowe, from the preface of the first edition

39. Harriet Beecher Stowe

40. Harriet Beecher Stowe ( 1811 – 1896 ) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

41. 41 According to legend, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1862 he said: "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War!"

42. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

43. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

44. Fugitive Slave Act Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a person claiming that an African-American had escaped from slavery had only to point that person out to as a runaway to take the person into custody. Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a person claiming that an African-American had escaped from slavery had only to point that person out to as a runaway to take the person into custody.

45. Fugitive Slave Act Although Henry Clay had propose this Act to help Southern slaveholders, it actually hurt their cause by creating hostility in northerners who were previously indifferent. Although Henry Clay had propose this Act to help Southern slaveholders, it actually hurt their cause by creating hostility in northerners who were previously indifferent.

46. Fugitive Slave Act People accused of being an escaped slave did not have the right to trial and were not allowed to testify in court. People accused of being an escaped slave did not have the right to trial and were not allowed to testify in court. A sworn statement swearing that the captive was an escaped slave or the testimony of white witnesses was all that was needed. A sworn statement swearing that the captive was an escaped slave or the testimony of white witnesses was all that was needed. Federal commissioners who tried the cases were paid $5 for every case in which the person was released. Federal commissioners who tried the cases were paid $5 for every case in which the person was released. $10 was paid for every returned slave. $10 was paid for every returned slave.

47. Fugitive Slave Act

48. The law required federal marshals to capture and return slaves. The law required federal marshals to capture and return slaves. Federal marshals had the power to deputize common citizens on the spot and order them to help capture or transport the suspect. Federal marshals had the power to deputize common citizens on the spot and order them to help capture or transport the suspect. Any person could be forced to help capture fugitives. Any person could be forced to help capture fugitives. Anyone refusing would receive jail time. Anyone refusing would receive jail time.

49. 49 Burns arrest, trial and return to slavery in Virginia was protested by an estimated 50,000 angry citizens who lined the streets of Boston as an army of soldiers escorted Burns to the waterfront. This engraving depicts the scene of Burns' march. Men in a window, along with the angry mob outside and on top of the surrounding buildings, shout out "Kidnappers”. A Black church raised $1300 ($27,442 in 2003 dollars) to purchase Burns' freedom. In less than a year Anthony Burns was back in Boston. The issue of slavery, symbolized by the Fugitive Slave Law, was fatally dividing the nation.

50. Henry Long In New York, Henry Long was waiting tables at the Pacific Hotel when U.S. Marshals came in and seized him. Although he had been living in New York for several months before his supposed escape from a Virginia plantation, he was forced to return to the South and to slavery. In New York, Henry Long was waiting tables at the Pacific Hotel when U.S. Marshals came in and seized him. Although he had been living in New York for several months before his supposed escape from a Virginia plantation, he was forced to return to the South and to slavery. Newspapers all over the North published his story and many like it. Newspapers all over the North published his story and many like it. “Almost no colored man is safe in our streets.” New York Independent “Almost no colored man is safe in our streets.” New York Independent

53. Event – Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 South – Federal agents must enforce slavery laws. Holders reach expands to all of U.S. North – Resentment grows. Large resistance movements arise.

55. 55

56. 56 An emotional condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act. The print shows a group of four black men--possibly freedmen--ambushed by a posse of six armed whites in a cornfield. One of the white men fires on them, while two of his companions reload their muskets. Two of the blacks have evidently been hit; one has fallen to the ground while the second staggers, clutching the back of his bleeding head. The two others react with horror.

57. 57 Pro slavery cartoon on Fugitive Slave Law: see explanation on next slide

59. Civil Disobedience by Thoreau In 1849, Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience. In 1849, Henry David Thoreau wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience. “Unjust laws exist. Shall we obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” “Unjust laws exist. Shall we obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?”

60. The Underground Railroad Event – Underground Rail Road South – Thousands of slaves escape hurting economy and creating a violent atmosphere. North – North actively punishing South for slavery.

61. The Underground Railroad Although the Fugitive Slave Act provided heavy penalties for anyone caught helping escaped slaves, whites and free blacks continued their work with the underground railroad. Although the Fugitive Slave Act provided heavy penalties for anyone caught helping escaped slaves, whites and free blacks continued their work with the underground railroad. Members called “conductors” helped slave slip away to the north or into Canada. Members called “conductors” helped slave slip away to the north or into Canada. Food and shelter were provided along the way. Food and shelter were provided along the way.

62. 62 Henry "Box" Brown escaped slavery in 1848 by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to Philadelphia. He later became a well-known speaker for the Anti-Slavery Society. In 1851 he wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown.

64. 64 Map of the Underground Railroad

65. 65 It wasn’t a railroad but a network of safe houses and sympathetic citizens who would aid runaway slaves.

66. The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman The most famous conductor was an escaped slave named Harriet Tubman. The most famous conductor was an escaped slave named Harriet Tubman. Born into slavery in Maryland, she was beaten at the age of 13 causing a skull fracture and blackouts the rest of her life. Born into slavery in Maryland, she was beaten at the age of 13 causing a skull fracture and blackouts the rest of her life. She escaped in 1849 at the age of 29. She escaped in 1849 at the age of 29. She returned to the South 19 times to lead others north. A bounty was placed on her, but no one ever gave up her whereabouts. She returned to the South 19 times to lead others north. A bounty was placed on her, but no one ever gave up her whereabouts.

67. The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman

68. Levi Coffin Levi Coffin, a Quaker from North Carolina, was a popular top on the Underground Railroad at his house in Indiana. Levi Coffin, a Quaker from North Carolina, was a popular top on the Underground Railroad at his house in Indiana. An estimated 2000 fugitives stopped at his house. An estimated 2000 fugitives stopped at his house. He later moved to Ohio just across the river from Kentucky. 1300 fugitives crossed the Ohio River to his place and on to the North. He later moved to Ohio just across the river from Kentucky. 1300 fugitives crossed the Ohio River to his place and on to the North. The Underground Railroad created great mistrust between Southerners and Northerners. The Underground Railroad created great mistrust between Southerners and Northerners.

69. Transcontinental Railroad Event – Transcontinental Rail Road South – Cross-country railroad avoided the South. Debate begins to repeal Missouri Compromise. North – South seen as impediment to spread of rail road. Leads to power struggle in Congress.

70. Transcontinental Railroad Now that California and Oregon were states, America needed a way to get to them without sailing all the way around South America. Now that California and Oregon were states, America needed a way to get to them without sailing all the way around South America. The Transcontinental Railroad was suggested. The Transcontinental Railroad was suggested. Problem: The land between Missouri and California was unorganized and uncharted. Problem: The land between Missouri and California was unorganized and uncharted.

71. Transcontinental Railroad Southerners wanted the railroad to start in New Orleans. To get to California it would have to run through the northern tip of Mexico. Southerners wanted the railroad to start in New Orleans. To get to California it would have to run through the northern tip of Mexico. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southern Supporter, sent James Gadsden to buy the area from Mexico for $10 million. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southern Supporter, sent James Gadsden to buy the area from Mexico for $10 million. Stephen Douglass of Illinois wanted the railroad to start in Chicago, Illinois. Stephen Douglass of Illinois wanted the railroad to start in Chicago, Illinois.

72. 1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

73. 1852 Election Results

74. The Gadsden Purchase Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southern Supporter, sent James Gadsden to buy the area from Mexico for $10 million. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southern Supporter, sent James Gadsden to buy the area from Mexico for $10 million. Got 30,000 square miles of land. Bought in from Santa Anna. Got 30,000 square miles of land. Bought in from Santa Anna.

75. The Gadsden Purchase

77. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (May 1854) In 1853, senator Douglass passed a bill that organized the land in the middle as the territory of Nebraska. In 1853, senator Douglass passed a bill that organized the land in the middle as the territory of Nebraska. Though the House of Representatives quickly passed the bill, it stalled in the Senate. Though the House of Representatives quickly passed the bill, it stalled in the Senate. Southerners refused to pass the bill unless the Missouri Compromise was repealed and slavery was allowed to enter the new territory. Southerners refused to pass the bill unless the Missouri Compromise was repealed and slavery was allowed to enter the new territory. Event – Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 South – Missouri Compromise undone. Slavery can now spread to new territory. North – Began an organized movement to send thousands of free state supporters to settle in Kansas and Nebraska.

78. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

79. The Kansas-Nebraska Act While everyone knew that to repeal the Missouri Compromise would split the country. While everyone knew that to repeal the Missouri Compromise would split the country. POPULAR SOVERTGTY POPULAR SOVERTGTY Stephen Douglass set out to do it anyway because he wanted to settle the west, starting in his state of Illinois. Stephen Douglass set out to do it anyway because he wanted to settle the west, starting in his state of Illinois. Nebraska is formed next to free state Iowa. Nebraska is formed next to free state Iowa. Kansas is formed next to slave state Missouri. Kansas is formed next to slave state Missouri.

80. Stephen Douglas

81. 81 Senator Douglas, the Democratic Senator from Illinois and Chairman of the Committee on Territories, introduced a bill in early 1854 to reorganize the territories. Douglas’s motives have been called into question as he had invested heavily in western lands and had a stake in getting the terminus of the planned transcontinental railroad located in Chicago Illinois. He was also interested in running for president and thought the publicity generated from this bill would help him achieve his goal. His Kansas Nebraska Act was one of the great blunders in all U.S. political history and started a chain of events that ended in the Civil War.

82. 82 Missouri Compromise of 1820 line Slavery not allowed under Missouri Compromise Slavery allowed under Missouri Compromise The status of slavery in the territories before the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854

83. 83

84. Bleeding Kansas Event – Bleeding Kansas South – Thousands of armed men from Missouri voted illegally in Kansas to try to get slavery. Violence erupts. North – recruited thousands to defend Kansas and prevent slavery. Over 200 dead.

85. Bleeding Kansas

86. 1856 marked the year that Bleeding Kansas began. 1856 marked the year that Bleeding Kansas began. In May of that year a Boarder Ruffian posse, lead by Col. Titus, attacked the city of Lawrence. In May of that year a Boarder Ruffian posse, lead by Col. Titus, attacked the city of Lawrence.  During this attack newspaper offices and a hotel were destroyed. One man was killed, and he was a Ruffian.  Southerners celebrated the attack, only to infuriate Brown.

87. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

89. 89

90. 90 Scenes from “Bloody Kansas”

91. 91 Kansas in the mid 1850’s Topeka-where the free state government was located Lecompton-where the slave state government was located Lawrence-conflict between pro and anti slavery forces Osawatomie-conflict between pro and anti slavery forces

92. Bleeding Kansas 200 died 200 died 1856 two Kansas Governments 1856 two Kansas Governments Does not become a state until 1861. Does not become a state until 1861.

93. 93 John Brown, who earned his living in Kansas as a surveyor, spied out the locations of pro-slavery forces. His surveyors compass is above. Lawrence Kansas in 1854

94. Charles Sumner There was a debate over the western territories in the senate. This was taking place around the same time as Bleeding Kansas. There was a debate over the western territories in the senate. This was taking place around the same time as Bleeding Kansas. Charles Sumner (Abolitionist from Massachusetts) gave a speech about how slave states were forcing Kansas to become a slave state. He pointed a lot of the blame at Sen. Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina. Charles Sumner (Abolitionist from Massachusetts) gave a speech about how slave states were forcing Kansas to become a slave state. He pointed a lot of the blame at Sen. Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina. Sumner said about Butler, “ You have chosen a mistress…. the harlot, Slavery!” Sumner said about Butler, “ You have chosen a mistress…. the harlot, Slavery!” Started bad BLOOD. Started bad BLOOD.

95. 95 “Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of Slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of Slavery in the National Government.” The Crime Against Kansas: The Apologies for the Crime; The True Remedy, Hon Charles Sumner Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts

96. Preston Brooks v. Charles Sumner A few days later, May 22 nd Butler’s second cousin Representative Preston Brooks walked up to Charles Sumner as he sat in his desk. A few days later, May 22 nd Butler’s second cousin Representative Preston Brooks walked up to Charles Sumner as he sat in his desk. Brooks said to Sumner that he had made his relate and his home state of South Carolina look bad. Brooks said to Sumner that he had made his relate and his home state of South Carolina look bad. Before Sumner could defend himself Brooks began to beat Sumner with a Gold handle walking cane. Sumner to fat to get up. Before Sumner could defend himself Brooks began to beat Sumner with a Gold handle walking cane. Sumner to fat to get up.

97. Violence between the Senate Sumner was beaten badly and was injured. Sumner was beaten badly and was injured. Violence between North and South, Free- State and Slave-State, now was part of the government. Violence between North and South, Free- State and Slave-State, now was part of the government. Brooks is a hero in the south. Brooks is a hero in the south. North is outraged and turns against slavery even more than they already were. North is outraged and turns against slavery even more than they already were.

98. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

100. Birth of the Republican Party, 1854  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.