2. Water And The Major Minerals

3. Water And The Body Fluids Functions of water: –Transport –Structural support for molecules –Participates in metabolic reactions –Solvent –Lubricant –Body temperature regulation –Maintains blood volume

4. Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Intracellular fluid –Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid

5. Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Water sources –Water losses –Water recommendations

6. How The Body Regulates Blood Volume

8. The Minerals - An Overview

9. Inorganic elements The body’s handling of minerals

10. The Minerals - An Overview Variable bioavailability –Binders Phytates Oxalates

11. Food sources of Phytic Acid Sesame seeds, Brazilnuts, Almonds, Tofu, Linseed, Oat Meal, Pinto beans, Soy protein, Soybeans, Corn, Peanuts, Wheat flour, Wheat, Oats, Wheat germ, Whole wheat bread, Brown rice, Polished rice, Chickpeas, LentilsSesame seeds, BrazilnutsAlmondsTofu LinseedSoy protein SoybeansCornPeanutsWheat flourWheat OatWheat germwheat breadBrown ricePolished riceChickpeasLentils

12. Foods Containing Oxalic Acids buckwheat star fruit (carambola) black pepper parsley poppy seed rhubarb spinach chard Beets and beet greensBeetsbeet greens banana cocoa chocolate most nuts most berries and beans

13. Sodium Roles in the body –Principal extracellular cation

14. Sodium Hypertension –Salt sensitivity Osteoporosis Foods

15. Sodium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 500 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

16. Sodium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity symptoms –Edema, acute hypertension Significant source –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables –Large amounts in processed foods

17. Chloride Roles in body –Principal extracellular anion

18. Chloride: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 750 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion

19. Chloride: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Do not occur under normal circumstances Toxicity symptom –Vomiting Significant sources –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs –Large amounts in processed foods

20. Potassium Principal intracellular cation

21. Potassium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 2000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Facilitates many reactions –Supports cell integrity –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions

22. Potassium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness –Paralysis –Confusion –Low Blood Levels-Hypokalemia Toxicity symptoms –Muscular weakness –Vomiting –If given into a vein, can stop the heart –High Blood Levels- Hyperkalemia

23. Potassium: In Summary Significant sources –All whole foods –Meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

24. Calcium Balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Calcium: In Summary 1997 adequate intake (AI) –Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day –Adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day

26. Calcium: In Summary Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting –Blood pressure, immune defenses

27. Calcium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Stunted growth in children –Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

28. Calcium: In Summary Toxicity symptoms –Constipation –Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction –Interference with absorption of other minerals

29. Phosphorus 1997 RDA for adults: 700 mg/day Upper level for adults (19-70 years): 4000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Part of every cell –Important in genetic material, part of phospholipids

30. Phosphorus Chief functions in the body (continued) –Used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness, bone pain

31. Phosphorus Toxicity symptoms –Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys Significant sources –All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)

32. Magnesium 1997 RDA –Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day –Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/day Chief functions in the body –Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system

33. Magnesium Deficiency symptoms –Weakness –Confusion –If extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing –In children, growth failure

34. Magnesium Toxicity symptoms –From nonfood sources only –Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Significant sources –Nuts, legumes –Whole grains –Dark green vegetables –Seafood –Chocolate, cocoa

35. Sulfur Roles

36. Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Cortical bone –Trabecular bone

37. Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones

40. Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Bone density

41. Osteoporosis And Calcium Age and bone calcium Maximizing bone mass

42. Osteoporosis And Calcium Minimizing bone loss Gender and hormones Genetics and ethnicity

43. Osteoporosis And Calcium Physical activity and body weight Smoking and alcohol

44. Osteoporosis And Calcium Dietary calcium is the key to prevention Other nutrients play a supporting role

45. Osteoporosis And Calcium

47. A perspective on supplements –Antacids –Bone meal –Oyster shell –Dolomite (limestone)