1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue Covers or lines organs Always has a free (unattached) surface – apical Cells fit together tightly Basal surface in contact with basement membrane Basement Membrane: acellular material made by the epithelium above it and the connective tissue below it --- it anchors the epithelium to underlying tissue Avascular (no blood supply)

3. Classification of Epithelial Tissue According to number of layers simple -- one cell layer thick stratified -- two or more cell layers thick According to cell shape – squamous (flattened) – Cuboidal – Columnar

4. Simple Squamous Epithelium Functions in diffusion and filtration Some locations: – Alveoli of lungs – Walls of capillaries – Bowman’s capsule of kidney

5. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Functions in secretion and absorption Protection Some locations: – Kidney tubules – Glands – Lower part of respiratory tree – Covering the ovaries

6. Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions in secretion (including mucous) and absorption If ciliated – also functions in movement Some locations: – Digestive tract – Ducts of some glands – Urine tubes

7. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions in protection, mucous secretions and movement of materials Ciliated & non-ciliated Some locations: – Upper respiratory tract – Ducts of large glands

8. Stratified Squamous Epithelium Most widespread stratified epithelium Functions in protection of underlying tissues, especially in areas of wear and tear Some locations: – Moist: lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus – Keratinized: epidermis

9. SlideIllustration Title of Slide Type of tissue Source (if known) Draw the tissue Label the structures (if possible) Function of tissue

10. Muscle Tissue

11. Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Functions: movement (contractile) Cells: Called muscle fibers, due to their elongated shape Contain contracting proteins actin and myosin, which if regularly arranged will make the muscle appear striated Can receive and respond to external stimuli Well vascularized Locations: attached to bone, walls of blood vessels and hollow organs, heart

12. Classification of Muscle Tissue Classification according to Structure: – Striated: Skeletal and Cardiac – Non-striated: Smooth Classification according to Function: – Voluntary: Skeletal – Involuntary: Cardiac and Smooth

13. Skeletal Muscle Function: To move bones Cells: Elongated, cylindrical Striated Multinucleate, at periphery of cells Location: attached to bones Voluntary Fastest contracting muscle Usually simulated to contract by nerve impulses

14. Smooth Muscle Function: To propel substances or objects along internal passages Cells: Lack striations (do contain actin and myosin) Long, spindle-shaped One central nucleus Locations: Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels Involuntary Slowest contracting muscle Stimulated to contract by nerve impulses or chemicals

15. Cardiac Muscle Function: Propel blood around the body Cells: Striated (but not as obvious as skeletal muscle) Elongated Branch One central nucleus Fit tightly together at specialized junctions called intercalated discs Location: Myocardium of the heart Involuntary

16. Nervous Tissue

17. Characteristics of Nervous Tissue Functions: to monitor and respond to changes in the environment Composition: – Neuron -- the functional unit of the nervous system – Neuroglia including Schwann cells -- supportive cells Location: – CNS (brain and cord) – PNS (nerves and ganglia outside CNS) Somatic NS -- controls contraction of skeletal muscle Autonomic NS -- controls contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle

18. Neuron Composition: – Cell Body or Soma – Processes Dendrite(s) Axon Types: – Sensory (afferent) – Motor (efferent)

19. Connective Tissue

20. Characteristics of Connective Tissue Types: – Connective tissue proper – Cartilage – Bone – Vascular (blood and lymphoid) Composition: cells and matrix Matrix: Ground substance (water, proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides) + fibers (proteins; not cells)

21. Characteristics of Connective Tissue Locations: throughout the vertebrate body Functions: – Support, – protection, – transport, – energy reserve Specific function(s) for each type Vascularity variable Cells can divide and can repair the matrix

22. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

23. Connective Tissue Proper Functions as a packing agent, support, binds tissues together Types: – Areolar or loose – Adipose – Dense (regular and irregular) Composed of cells (fibroblasts, mast cells) and matrix – Amorphous ground substance (mucopolysaccharides) and protein fibers (collagenous, elastic and reticular)

24. Areolar Connective Tissue Ground substance semifluid or gel-like Fibers have a loose arrangement, running in all directions, so tissue can stretch in all directions; most flexible, but not very resistant to stress Most widely distributed connective tissue Vascular Some locations: – Packing agent: Most organs, blood vessels, nerves – Support: Epithelial tissue

25. Areolar Connective Tissue

26. Adipose (fat) Tissue Matrix basically like areolar, but very sparse Cells adipocytes (fat cells); 90% of tissue mass Vascular Functions:Heat insulator – Food storage – Cushion or shock absorber Some locations: – Heat insulator: Beneath skin – Cushion/shock absorber: Between skeletal muscle cells, around kidney and eyeball, soles and palms

27. Adipose (fat) Tissue

28. Reticular Connective Tissue Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells predominate Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

29. Reticular Connective Tissue

30. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

31. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Matrix:Abundant parallel collagen fibers Great resistance to stress, especially when applied in one direction Poorly vascularized Functions: Attaches muscle to bone or bone to bone Locations:Tendons (muscle to bone) Most Ligaments (bone to bone)

32. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

33. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

34. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Locations: Dermis of the skin Submucosa of Digestive Tract Fibrous Joint Capsules

35. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

36. CARTILAGE

37. Cartilage Functions: Firm but flexible support, form, protection Composition: – Chondrocytes reside in lacunae within a matrix of mucopolysaccharides and fibers, esp. collagen – Perichondrium – CT covering Avascular – diffusion of nutrients / gases through the matrix Types: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

38. Hyaline Cartilage Some locations of hyaline cartilage: – Ends of long bones – Tip of nose – Connect ribs to sternum – Most of the larynx – C-rings of the trachea – Embryonic skeleton

39. Elastic Cartilage Some locations of Elastic cartilage: – Supports external ear – Epiglottis

40. Fibrocartilage Some locations of Fibrocartilage: – Intervertebral discs – Pubic Symphysis

41. BONE

42. Bone Functions: support, protection, movement, form Composition: – Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; in lacunae in the matrix – Matrix: amorphorous ground substance and fibers (mostly collagenous) and hydroxyapatite (Ca phosphate + Ca carbonate + other minerals) – Canaliculi running through matrix – Periosteum: CT covering Location: skeleton Very vascular Types: Spongy or Cancellous and Compact

43. Bone

44. BLOOD

45. Vascular (blood) Tissue Functions: – Transport of materials, e.g. O2, CO2, food, wastes – Defense, e.g. phagocytize bacteria, debris – antibody production – blood clotting – Temperature regulation Location: circulatory system Composition: – Cells: Erythrocytes (RBC), Leucocytes (WBC), Thrombocytes (Platelets) – Matrix: Plasma (a liquid!)

46. Blood