1. Passive

2. BE + PP Simple present simple past Simple future present progressive Past progressive Future progressive present perfect Past perfect Modal verb (must, can, should, may, might…) Am/ is / are + PP was/ were + PP will + be + PP Am/ is / are + being + PP was/ were + being + PP will + be + being + PP has / have + been + PP had + been + PP modal V+ be + PP

3. S + v + O S + be + pp + by + agent the subject of an active verb is called the agent. She cleans the house everyday.  The house is cleaned everyday. The committee is considering several new proposals.  Several new proposals are being considered by the committee.

4. By: the subject of an active verb is called the agent. If it is mentioned in the passive sentence, we use by + agent. Ex: They gave me a warm welcome.  I was given a warm welcome by them. Children love toys.  Toys are loved by children. They built this house.  This house was built by them. With is used for an instrument / a tool which is used by an agent to do an action. He killed the snake with a stick.  The snake was killed (by him) with a stick.

5. Verbs with two objects S +V + indirect O + direct O. S + V + direct O + to/for + indirect O Ex: give, send, show, lend, pay, promise, refuse, tell and offer. Two structures are possible. She gave me a nice gift. / She gave a nice gift to me.  I was given a nice gift (by her).  A nice gift was given to me (by her). They lent me ten thousand pounds.  I was lent ten thousand pounds.  Ten thousand pounds was lent to me.

6. Verbs with object + infinitive/Ving I told them to behave.  They were told to behave. I asked him to send me a letter.  He was asked to send me a letter. I heard him shouting in the kitchen.  He was heard shouting in the kitchen.

7. Object complements (S V O C) An object complement can be a noun or an adjective which describes or classifies the object. When made passive, these objects complements become subject complements; they come after the verb. Example: They elected him their leader.  He was elected their leader. We all regarded her as an expert.  She was regarded as an expert. Queen Victoria considered him a genius.  He was considered a genius by Queen Victoria. The other children called her stupid.  She was called stupid by the other children.

8. “It is said that ….”, “He is said that with verbs like: agree, announce, argue, believe, claim, decide, disclose, expect, feel, hope, know, predict, recognize, report, say, suggest, think, understand People say that he’s very old  It is said that he’s very old.  He’s said to be very old. They say that you’ve just built a large house  It is said that you’ve just built a large house.  You’re said to have built a large house. They say that S + V  It is said that S + V  S + is/am/are said to + V

9. Causative passive It may describe situations where we want someone else to do something for us – I must have the boys paint the chairs. I’m busy.  I must have the chairs painted. -When are you going to have that window mended? or refers to something negative or unwanted - Jim had his car stolen last night. - They had their roof blown off in the storm. Have somebody do something Have something done

10. Need + -ing need + Ving : it is necessary to do something without stating who will do it: 1. The ceiling needs painting (= the ceiling needs to be painted). 2.My hair needs cutting (= my hair needs to be cut).

11. 1) Someone is viewing this page right now. This page is viewed right now by someone This page is being viewed by someone right now This page is being viewed right now. 2) She is used to cleaning the floor everyday. The floor is used to clean by she everyday. The floor is used to being cleaned everyday. The floor is used to be clean everyday. 3) They will offer her the award soon. She will be offered the award soon. The award will be offered to her by they soon. She will be offered them the award soon

12. 4) People can use this device easily. This device can to be used easily This device can to be easily used. This device can be used easily. 5) They should reconsider the decision. The decision should to be reconsidered. The decision should be reconsidered. The decision should be reconsider by they. 6) Someone will speak to the manager. The manager will be spoken to. The manager will to be spoken to. The manager will be spoken.

13. 7) They haven't brought the book back yet. The book haven't been brought back yet. The book haven't been brought yet back. The book hasn't been brought back yet. 8) They are going to buy the ship. The ship is being gone to be bought. The ship is going to buy. The ship is going to be bought.

14. 9) They don't use machines there. Machines there are not used Machines are not used there. Machines don't be used there. 10) We made mistakes. Mistakes was made. Mistakes were made. Mistakes had been made

15. 1. Patients …………………………..(treat) in hospitals. 2. My passport is not ready yet. It ……………………. …. (make) at the moment. 3. The walls of the house …………………… (just/paint). 4. The newspaper ………………….…… (bring) yesterday. 5. While the potatoes ………………….………. …. (peel) my parents arrived. 6. Tomorrow all the compositions ……………… (check). 7. The car …………………. (already/repair), now we can use it. 8. The weather forecast …………………. (broadcast) on TV at the moment, come and listen.

16. 9. While the ceiling …………………. (paint) the bucket with the paint …………………. (upset). 10. The order……………………….…….. (not/make) yet. 11. Your dress …………………. (make) at the moment and I think that tomorrow it…………………. (finish). 12. My mother is busy at the moment. She cannot come. My baby brother ……………………. …. (feed). 13. Coffee ……………………….. (just/make) you can have a cup if you like. 14. An interesting program …………………. ………. …. (show) on TV yesterday. 15. Last lesson we ………………….……. (tell) about different unusual animals.

17. 1 You should open the wine about three hours before you use it. 2 Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice. 3 Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit. 4 We use this room only on special occasions. 5 You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission. 6 In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles. 7 Someone switched on a light and opened the door. 8 Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife. 9 They are pulling down the old theatre. 10 Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in?

18. 11 The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots. 12 The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning books. 13 The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime. 14 Someone will serve refreshments. 15 People must not leave bicycles in the hall.

19. 16 Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return them. 17 The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 18 Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 19They rang the church bells as a flood warning. 20 No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.

20. 1.Our postal service used to deliver parcels. Now we have to collect them. 2.The company says that the production figures have fallen short of expectations. 3.The police have given everyone two weeks to surrender any guns which they may possess illegally. 4.Many people believe that UFOs exist, never mind what the authorities say. 5.The Prime Minister is to visit the hospital tomorrow.

21. 1.Will they have to amputate his leg or will they save it? 2.We need to go into that matter very carefully. 3.Please don’t come to the station with me. I have people saying goodbye to me through the window of the train. 4.Are you going to allow me to drive your lovely Rolls-Royce? 5.Many family believe that this painting is worth a lot of money.

22. They said that he had escaped from the prison. He was said to have escaped They say that He is abroad. He is said to be abroad.