2. The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.

3. Make an observation and ask questions Perform background research Formulate a hypothesis

4. Design and carry out an experiment Collect and analyze results Draw a conclusion Communicate the results for peer review or Reject / Modify original hypothesis and repeat all the above

5. Steps of the Scientific Method Observation/Questions Observation/Questions: Make an observation and ask questions.

6. Steps of the Scientific Method Perform background research Perform background research: Research the topic of interest using primary sources. What are primary sources: Peer reviewed journals, reference books, and internet research (such as.edu or.gov)

7. Do you remember the next step?

8. Steps of the Scientific Method Formulate a Hypothesis Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

9. Steps of the Scientific Method Design / Perform an experiment Design / Perform an experiment: Include a detailed materials list. Identify variables. Develop and follow a procedure. Must include measurable/quantitative data.

10. Steps of the Scientific Method Design / Perform an experiment Design / Perform an experiment: Variables Independent – manipulated variable Dependent – measured variable Constants – factors that are kept the same Control Group – basis of comparison

11. Steps of the Scientific Method Collect and Analyze Results Collect and Analyze Results: Confirm the results by retesting. Perform appropriate statistical tests (Ex. Mean/Average, Median, etc.) Include tables, graphs, and charts.

12. Steps of the Scientific Method Conclusion Conclusion: Include a statement to accept or reject the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure. Complete one of the following steps:

13. Steps of the Scientific Method Reject/modify hypothesis and redo experiment Reject/modify hypothesis and redo experiment : (If the results do not match the hypothesis) Reject hypothesis and start experiment over Modify original hypothesis and start over where needed.

14. Steps of the Scientific Method Communicate the Results Communicate the Results: (If the results match the hypothesis) Write a research paper to publish in a peer reviewed journal.

15. Problem/Question John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his grandmother what makes the bread rise. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

16. Problem/Question John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

17. Caution! Be careful how you use the words effect and affect. “ The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of bread.” “How does sugar affect the rising of bread?”

18. Observation/Research John finds background information by researching the topics of baking and fermentation. He tries to come up with a way to test his question.

19. Formulate a Hypothesis After conducting his research, he comes up with a hypothesis. “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

20. Do you know the difference between the independent and dependent variables?

21. Independent Variable The independent, or manipulated variable, is a factor that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter. John is going to use 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g, 500g of sugar in his experiment.

22. Dependent Variable The dependent, or responding variable, is the factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable. In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.

23. Experiment John comes up with a procedure and list of needed materials.

24. Control Group In a scientific experiment, the control is the group that serves as the standard of comparison, “The Norm”. The control group may be a “no treatment" or an “experimenter selected” group.

25. Control Group The control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested. All experiments should have a control group.

26. Control Group Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use that amount in his control group.

27. Constants The constants in an experiment are all the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same.

28. Can you think of some constants for this experiment?

29. Constants They might include: Other ingredients to the bread recipe, oven used, rise time, brand of ingredients, cooking time, type of pan used, air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising, oven temperature, age of the yeast…

30. Trials Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

31. Collect and Analyze Results John comes up with a table he can use to record his data. John gets all his materials together and carries out his experiment.

32. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm 3 Amt. of Sugar (g.) 123Average Size (cm 3 ) 25768744761758 501296118812961260 10011881080 1116 250672576588612 500432504360432 Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials Control group

33. Collect and Analyze Results John examines his data and notices that his control worked the best in this experiment, but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar.

34. Conclusion John rejects his hypothesis, but decides to re-test using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

35. Experiment Once again, John gathers his materials and carries out his experiment. Here are the results.

36. Can you tell which group did the best?

37. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm 3 Amt. of Sugar (g.) 123Average Size (cm 3 ) 501296144012961344 601404129614401380 701638 15601612 8014041296 1332 90108012009721084 Size of Bread Loaf (cm 3 ) Trials Control group

38. Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is accepted.

39. Communicate the Results John tells his grandmother about his findings and writes a research paper for class.