1. 2. Social Issues and Environment 1

2. After studying the unit, you will  Learn about the various issues which enforced the various laws  Understand the various acts on air, water, wild life to prevent pollution and protect wild life  It also deals with public awareness Objectives 2

3. From Sustainable to Unsustainable development The development without thinking about the ill-affects on the biotic and abiotic factors leads to unsustainability E.g. Overuse of coal and oil may lead to total loss of fossil fuels Unless we find alternatives for the same, the future generation will have to survive without energy resources 3

4. Sustainable Development “The sustainable development is a process of betterment of life, in all sectors of society i.e. social, economic, educational, health, national security, food and education” 4

5. Urban problems related to Energy Conservation of energy resources: Conservation of energy resources: Causes of shortage of energy in India Causes of shortage of energy in India Effects of shortage of energy in India Effects of shortage of energy in India Methods of conservation of energy Methods of conservation of energy 5

6. Measures for sustainable development Reduce, Reuse and Recycle approach i.e. 3R Reduce, Reuse and Recycle approach i.e. 3R Prompting environmental education and awareness Prompting environmental education and awareness 6

7. Water Resources : Classification of water resources: 1. Surface water 2. Water in the solid form 3. Water in the atmosphere 4. Underground water 7

8. Water utility Consumptive use of water mainly for irrigation Consumptive use of water mainly for irrigation Non-consumptive use of water for power generation i.e. Hydel power Non-consumptive use of water for power generation i.e. Hydel power Partially consumptive use for the public use and for industrial and thermal plants Partially consumptive use for the public use and for industrial and thermal plants 8

9. Uses of water 1. Domestic use 2. Manufacturing process and power generation 3. Other uses 9

10. Quality of water A. Physical parameters A. Physical parameters 1. Color 2. Taste and odor 3. Temperature 4. Turbidity B. Chemical parameters B. Chemical parameters 1. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 2. pH 3. Hardness C. Biological parameters C. Biological parameters 10

11. Means to rehabilitate the affected people Alternate land should be given Alternate land should be given Enough compensation must be given Enough compensation must be given Job for at least one person in the family Job for at least one person in the family Infrastructure must be developed Infrastructure must be developed Arrangements before the launching of the actual project Arrangements before the launching of the actual project It should be realized that the psychological and cultural loss is never compensated It should be realized that the psychological and cultural loss is never compensated 11

12. Ethics and moral values Ethics is the set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior e.g. cheating Environmental Ethics: It deals with issues related to the rights of the individuals which are fundamental to life and its well being 12

13. Basic human values Equality Co-operation Tolerance Truth Justice Excellence 13

14. Acid Rain How does it form? How does it form? Where is this a problem? Where is this a problem? What does it do to ecosystems and people? What does it do to ecosystems and people?

15. Acid Deposition formation:

16. Formula SO 3 + H 2 O = H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) SO 3 + H 2 O = H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) NO x + H 2 O = HNO 3(nitric acid) NO x + H 2 O = HNO 3(nitric acid) Acid rain < pH 5.6 Acid rain < pH 5.6 These are two forms (flavors) of acid deposition. These are two forms (flavors) of acid deposition.

17. Observations

18. Global acid rain areas of concern

19. Effects on terrestrial systems: Direct damage to leaves and roots Weak trees are susceptible to insects and disease

20. Acid deposition leaches nutrients from soil and makes toxins (Al 3+ ) more soluble

21. Effects on Aquatic ecosystems Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity Range of tolerance Range of tolerance Jelly-like fish eggs broken down Jelly-like fish eggs broken down Acidity denatures enzymes Acidity denatures enzymes Acid shock – sudden increase in acidity, often in spring can cause fish kills Acid shock – sudden increase in acidity, often in spring can cause fish kills Aluminum ions (Al3+) are released from lake bed, suffocating fish Aluminum ions (Al3+) are released from lake bed, suffocating fish Below pH4.5, lakes devoid of fish Below pH4.5, lakes devoid of fish

22. Cultural effects of acid rain Marble and limestone Acid breaks down these basic materials

23. Many famous buildings are being damaged Taj Mahal Parthenon

24. Statue of liberty Loss of artistic detail in Acropolis

25. Human health effects of acid rain Contributes to bronchitis and asthma Contributes to bronchitis and asthma Skin irritation Skin irritation

26. Acid rains Main effects are due to Nitric Acid and Sulfuric acid Effects: 1. D amages the vegetation 2. S urface and ground water gets affected 3. S oil pH reduces to 3, affects fertility 4. S kin irritation 5. L and and water ecosystem get affected 26

27. Measures to control Acid Rain Reduce emissions at the source itself Reduce emissions at the source itself Use low sulphur coal Use low sulphur coal Replace coal by natural gas Replace coal by natural gas 27

28. Depletion of Ozone layer Main cause is Chlorine Effects: 1. D amages the plants 2. C auses cancer 3. C auses destruction of life 4. A ffects the natural environment 28

29. Measures to control depletion of O 3 Minimize the use of Fe and halogens Minimize the use of Fe and halogens Use CFC free chemicals Use CFC free chemicals Reduced use of AC’ s and refrigerators Reduced use of AC’ s and refrigerators 29

30. Global warming and Green house effect GHG’ s are: GHG’ s are: 1. CFC 2. CH 4 3. N 2 O 4. CO 2 5. CO 30

31. Measures to control global warming Check the overuse of carbon dioxide Check the overuse of carbon dioxide Use alternative sources of energy Use alternative sources of energy Cut down the transmission losses of electricity Cut down the transmission losses of electricity Use public transport Use public transport Clean Development Mechanisms in industries Clean Development Mechanisms in industries Greenbelt around industries Greenbelt around industries 31

32. Greenhouse gases, global warming and the ozone layer ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE

33. The Atmosphere Is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the earth Is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the earth Extends thousands of km above the surface Extends thousands of km above the surface The reason there is life on Earth – we are protected from most of the sun’s radiation The reason there is life on Earth – we are protected from most of the sun’s radiation Allows some light to reach the surface, supplying energy and allowing photosynthesis (O 2 and CO 2 ) Allows some light to reach the surface, supplying energy and allowing photosynthesis (O 2 and CO 2 ) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1%= water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and other gases 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1%= water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and other gases

34. The 4 Layers

35. Troposphere 75–80% of the earth’s air mass 75–80% of the earth’s air mass Closest to the earth's surface Closest to the earth's surface 0-11 km above sea level 0-11 km above sea level Chemical composition of air Chemical composition of air Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Oxygen 21% H 2 0, CO 2, trace amounts of others (Ar) H 2 0, CO 2, trace amounts of others (Ar) Weather, climate and all life forms exist here Weather, climate and all life forms exist here As altitude increases, temperature decreases As altitude increases, temperature decreases

36. Stratosphere 11-50 km (6-30 miles) above Earth's surface 11-50 km (6-30 miles) above Earth's surface Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions Much less water (1/1000) Much less water (1/1000) O 3, ozone layer O 3, ozone layer As altitude increases, temperature increases As altitude increases, temperature increases Air motion is horizontal Air motion is horizontal Airplanes fly here Airplanes fly here

37. Mesosphere 50-80 km (30-50 miles) 50-80 km (30-50 miles) Middle atmosphere – Air thin, pressure low, Middle atmosphere – Air thin, pressure low, Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite cold -90°C (-130°F) near the top of mesosphere Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite cold -90°C (-130°F) near the top of mesosphereThermosphere  80-500 km (50-310 miles)  Very few atoms and molecules in this region.  Intense UV – breaks O 2 and N 2 bonds  International Space Station is here

38. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect – the trapping of infrared radiation from the sun by gases in earth’s atmosphere which warms the planet Greenhouse effect – the trapping of infrared radiation from the sun by gases in earth’s atmosphere which warms the planet Raises earth’s temp to an average of 59 ⁰ F. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temp would be 0 ⁰ F. Raises earth’s temp to an average of 59 ⁰ F. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temp would be 0 ⁰ F.

39. GREENHOUSE GASES CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE METHANE METHANE NITROUS OXIDE NITROUS OXIDE CFCs CFCs WATER VAPOR WATER VAPOR

40. Greenhouse Gases CO 2 – most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG) Sources: burning fossil fuels, deforestation Ice cores have shown that CO 2 increasing in atmosphere – 35% higher than pre- Industrial Rev. Ocean acts as “sink,” absorbing large amounts. Ocean acts as “sink,” absorbing large amounts. Vegetation acts as a sink (until it dies or is cut down) Vegetation acts as a sink (until it dies or is cut down) 1 kg burned fossil fuels = 3 kg CO 2 1 kg burned fossil fuels = 3 kg CO 2

41. Vostok Ice Core Deepest drilling of ice took place. Deepest drilling of ice took place. The ice removed was nearly a half a million years old. The ice removed was nearly a half a million years old. Graph = CO 2 levels going back to over 400,000 years before present. Graph = CO 2 levels going back to over 400,000 years before present. The (kyr BP) means kilo=1,000 years Before Present. The (kyr BP) means kilo=1,000 years Before Present. CO 2 rises and falls about every 100,000 years. CO 2 rises and falls about every 100,000 years. At present we are at a high point again. At present we are at a high point again.

42. Global Warming/climate change Global warming – increase in Earth’s average surface temp. caused by an increase in greenhouse gases Global warming – increase in Earth’s average surface temp. caused by an increase in greenhouse gases “runaway greenhouse effect” “runaway greenhouse effect” Earth’s average temperature has risen 1 ° F in last 100 years. Earth’s average temperature has risen 1 ° F in last 100 years. Some argue natural fluctuation; however, corresponds w/ rising greenhouse gases Some argue natural fluctuation; however, corresponds w/ rising greenhouse gases

43. CO 2 - Did you know… Burning 1 gallon of gasoline produces 9 kg of carbon dioxide? Burning 1 gallon of gasoline produces 9 kg of carbon dioxide? Using one kWh of electricity from a coal- fired generating plant produces 1 kg of carbon dioxide? Using one kWh of electricity from a coal- fired generating plant produces 1 kg of carbon dioxide? Burning 100 cubic feet of natural gas produces 5.5 kg of carbon dioxide? Burning 100 cubic feet of natural gas produces 5.5 kg of carbon dioxide? 1 kg= 2.2 pounds So 1 gallon produces almost 20 pounds of CO 2 1 kg= 2.2 pounds So 1 gallon produces almost 20 pounds of CO 2

45. CO 2 Emissions Countries: Countries: – Largest emitters: China (6534 million metric tons): US (5833): Russia (1729): India (1495): Japan (1214) Per Capita: Per Capita: – Australia - 20.8 tons (437, country) – US- 19.8 tons – China – 4.91 – India: 1.31

46. Other Greenhouse Gases Methane (CH 4 ) – 21 times more warming effect than CO 2 and increasing at 8 times the rate. Methane production is faster than broken down Methane production is faster than broken down Main sources are wetlands, rice fields, fossil fuels, livestock, and landfills Main sources are wetlands, rice fields, fossil fuels, livestock, and landfills Remains in the air about 12 years Remains in the air about 12 years

47. Greenhouse Gases Nitrous oxides – slow to breakdown (120 yrs) Nitrous oxides – slow to breakdown (120 yrs) – Sources are fossil fuels, fertilizers, deforestation CFCs– slow breakdown; absorb 10,000 X more infrared than CO 2 (100 + years) CFCs– slow breakdown; absorb 10,000 X more infrared than CO 2 (100 + years) – Sources are foams, aerosols, refrigerants, solvents, air conditioners Water vapor – Warmed by CO 2, the atmosphere is thus able to Water vapor – Warmed by CO 2, the atmosphere is thus able to absorb more water vapor. And that water vapor, in turn, causes further warming—it amplifies the effects of carbon dioxide.

48. Global average temperatures - surface temperatures collected from land and ocean-based stations. Global average temperatures - surface temperatures collected from land and ocean-based stations. Compiled by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Hadley Centre of the UK Meteorological Office. Compiled by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Hadley Centre of the UK Meteorological Office.Climatic Research UnitUniversity of East AngliaHadley CentreUK Meteorological OfficeClimatic Research UnitUniversity of East AngliaHadley CentreUK Meteorological Office

49. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Weather patterns will change - more hurricanes, typhoons, flooding and droughts Weather patterns will change - more hurricanes, typhoons, flooding and droughts Agriculture – weather patterns will move farther north, shifting farmland Agriculture – weather patterns will move farther north, shifting farmland Sea Levels - polar regions warm, icebergs melt, sea levels rise. Warming water also expands. Coastal areas may flood Sea Levels - polar regions warm, icebergs melt, sea levels rise. Warming water also expands. Coastal areas may flood http://news.discovery.com/videos/global-warming-videos/ http://news.discovery.com/videos/global-warming-videos/ (Walrus, tiger, Alaska) (Walrus, tiger, Alaska)

50. Melting of Alaska’s Muir Glacier between 1948 and 2004

51. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Human health will be affected Human health will be affected more infectious diseases. more infectious diseases. Diseases that normally occur near equator will move northward. Diseases spread by mosquitoes and other insects due to warmer/wetter climates. Diseases that normally occur near equator will move northward. Diseases spread by mosquitoes and other insects due to warmer/wetter climates.

52. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Plant and animal species may migrate to maintain their preferred habitats Plant and animal species may migrate to maintain their preferred habitats Not all plants can adapt- cannot disperse their seeds adequately Not all plants can adapt- cannot disperse their seeds adequately Certain birds/fishes may migrate Certain birds/fishes may migrate Not all can adapt- ponds will dry up, land-locked fish cannot seek colder rivers Not all can adapt- ponds will dry up, land-locked fish cannot seek colder rivers Those that cannot adapt/migrate may experience regional extinction Those that cannot adapt/migrate may experience regional extinction Blue winged teal Blue winged teal

53. Albedo & Global Warming (albedo= ability of a surface to reflect light) Rising global temperatures cause greater evaporation of water vapor into the atmosphere Rising global temperatures cause greater evaporation of water vapor into the atmosphere Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapor might produce more warming. Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapor might produce more warming.OR More water vapor might cause more clouds to form, increasing Earth's overall albedo, & reflecting incoming sunlight back into space. More water vapor might cause more clouds to form, increasing Earth's overall albedo, & reflecting incoming sunlight back into space. This would provide a net cooling effect. This would provide a net cooling effect. Might possibly induce a period of "global cooling" Might possibly induce a period of "global cooling"

54. Projected Effects of Global Warming and the Resulting Changes in Global Climate

55. Global Cooling Global cooling: natural Global cooling: natural Planetary albedo – low, thick clouds reflect sunlight, prevent warming Planetary albedo – low, thick clouds reflect sunlight, prevent warming Volcanoes – dust reflect radiation Volcanoes – dust reflect radiation Sulfate aerosols – from pollutants, create haze, reflecting sunlight Sulfate aerosols – from pollutants, create haze, reflecting sunlight

56. Cap and Trade System The goal: To steadily reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide in a cost- effective manner. The goal: To steadily reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide in a cost- effective manner. The cap: Each large-scale emitter, or company, will have a limit on the amount of greenhouse gas that it can emit. The cap: Each large-scale emitter, or company, will have a limit on the amount of greenhouse gas that it can emit. The trade: It will be cheaper or easier for some companies to reduce their emissions below their required limit than others. These more efficient companies, who emit less than their allowance, can sell their extra permits to companies that are not able to make reductions as easily. The trade: It will be cheaper or easier for some companies to reduce their emissions below their required limit than others. These more efficient companies, who emit less than their allowance, can sell their extra permits to companies that are not able to make reductions as easily.

57. Output solutions Output solutions – Massive global tree planting; how many? Wangari Maathai Wangari Maathai Great Wall of Trees: China and Africa Great Wall of Trees: China and Africa – Plant fast- growing perennials on degraded land – Capturing and storing CO 2

58. Fifteen Ways to Cut CO 2 Emissions

59. We Can Prepare for the Harmful Effects of Climate Change Reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible Reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible Move people from low-lying coastal areas Move people from low-lying coastal areas Limit coastal building Limit coastal building Remove hazardous material storage tanks away from the coast Remove hazardous material storage tanks away from the coast Genetically engineer crops more tolerant to drought Genetically engineer crops more tolerant to drought Stockpile 1–5 years of key foods Stockpile 1–5 years of key foods Waste less water Waste less water Connect wildlife reserves with corridors Connect wildlife reserves with corridors

60. O 3 O 3 Located in the stratosphere Located in the stratosphere Absorbs most of the UV light from the sun Absorbs most of the UV light from the sun – UV light can cause genetic damage to living organisms- can cause skin cancer, faster aging, and cataracts, can kill one- celled organisms (phytoplankton) that live in the surface of the ocean, and interfere with photosynthesis, resulting in lower crop yields The ozone in the stratosphere acts as a sunscreen for Earth and its inhabitants. The ozone in the stratosphere acts as a sunscreen for Earth and its inhabitants. THE OZONE LAYER

61. OZONE EATERS CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) – used in refrigerants, air conditioners, styrofoam and propellants because they are chemically stable- they do not break down into other substances or combine with other substances. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) – used in refrigerants, air conditioners, styrofoam and propellants because they are chemically stable- they do not break down into other substances or combine with other substances. They are unreactive, odorless, nonflammable, nontoxic, noncorrosive and inexpensive to make. They are unreactive, odorless, nonflammable, nontoxic, noncorrosive and inexpensive to make. BUT, they do break apart in the stratosphere. BUT, they do break apart in the stratosphere.

62. CFCs CFCs that are released in the troposphere can take 10-20 years to float into the stratosphere. CFCs that are released in the troposphere can take 10-20 years to float into the stratosphere. One single chlorine atom can destroy 10,000 + ozone molecules and remain in the stratosphere 65- 385 years! One single chlorine atom can destroy 10,000 + ozone molecules and remain in the stratosphere 65- 385 years!

63. STOPPING THE OZONE EATERS 75-85% of the ozone loss was from CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals CFC containing products have been banned, and the ozone hole is getting smaller. CFC containing products have been banned, and the ozone hole is getting smaller. CFCs remain active for more than 30 years, so it will take decades for the layer to recover. THE NUMBER 1 SOURCE OF CFCs IS LEAKING AIR CONDITIONERS! CFCs remain active for more than 30 years, so it will take decades for the layer to recover. THE NUMBER 1 SOURCE OF CFCs IS LEAKING AIR CONDITIONERS!

64. CFCs A greenhouse gas AND an ozone- depleting chemical. A greenhouse gas AND an ozone- depleting chemical.

65. EPA 1986 Objectives: Objectives: 1. Protection and improvement of the environment i.e. air, water, soil 2. Prevention of hazards to all living beings i.e. plants, animals and human beings 3. Maintenance of the relationship between the human beings and the natural environment 65

66. Penalties for Violation of Act 1986 Imprisonment for a term which may extend up to five years Imprisonment for a term which may extend up to five yearsOr Fine which may extend up to Rs. 1 lakh Fine which may extend up to Rs. 1 lakhOr Both of the above Both of the above 66

67. Air: Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981 Aims and objectives: Aims and objectives: 1. Prevention, control of air pollution 2. Maintaining the quality of air 3. Establishing of the Boards to prevent and to control the air pollution 67

68. Water: Prevention and control of pollution act: 1974 Aims and objectives: Aims and objectives: 1. Prevention and control of water pollution 2. Maintaining and restoring the wholesomeness of water 3. Establishment of Boards of prevention and control of water pollution 68

69. Penalties for violation of the act: Penalty is imprisonment for a period of three months or a fine up to Rs. 10,000 or both Penalty is imprisonment for a period of three months or a fine up to Rs. 10,000 or both 69

70. Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Aims and objectives: Aims and objectives: 1. Maintenance of the essential ecological processes and life- supporting systems 2. Preservation of the biodiversity 3. Protection and conservation of wild-life 70

71. Penalties for violation Imprisonment for three years or fine upto Rs. 23,000 or both License may get cancelled 71

72. Forest Conservation Act,1980 Aims and objectives: Aims and objectives: To protect and conserve the forest To protect and conserve the forest 72

73. Penalties for violation Imprisonment for six months or more or a fine of Rs. 500 or both Imprisonment for six months or more or a fine of Rs. 500 or both For killing elephants imprisonment upto six months or fine upto Rs. 5000 or both For killing elephants imprisonment upto six months or fine upto Rs. 5000 or both 73

74. Causes of lack of environmental awareness Illiteracy and attitude Lack of participation Lack of information Partial information secrecy 74