1. SCIENCE

2. What is Science? Scientia (Latin) = Knowledge A body of knowledge derived from observation and experimentation. Or, A process of minds that is imaginative, creative and social Or, Systematic and regular study

3. Questions in Science What? How? Why?

4. Methods of Scientific Study There are five steps of scientific study. 1. Careful observation 2. Logical reasoning 3. Formulation of hypothesis 4. Experimental verification 5. Formulation of theory

5. Careful Observation The ability to notice something, keeping records and giving answers to questions framed by an observer.

6. Logical reasoning The process to discuss the observed things in own mind.

7. Formulation of hypothesis The process to give a hypothesis Hypothesis: The tentative explanations of observed things. It may be right or wrong.

8. Experimental verification The process to test the hypothesis There are two types of experiments- Control experiment: It is an experiment in natural condition i. e. there is not any change in parameters. Treated experiment: It is an experiment in which at least one parameter is changed.

9. Formulation of theory When repeated experiments give the same result that gives a special mark in any field of science called theory.

10. Science and Technology The knowledge about a thing is called science while the application of science is called technology. There are two types of things:- Living and non-living. Therefore there are two branches of science: Natural Science and Life Science/Biology

11. THINGS LIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING REPRODUCTION PROTOPLASM METABOLISMVIRUSNON-LIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF NON LIVING NO REPRODUCTION NO PROTOPLASM NO METABOLISM CONNECTING LINK/BOUNDARY BETWEEN LIVING AND NON-LIVING.

12. Biology: The Science of Life Greek word (bios = life + logos = study or discourse) study or discourse of life Biology is called the science of exceptions and queen of all sciences also The term Biology was coined by Treviranus and Lamarck (1802). Aristotle is considered as the father of Biology.

13. LIFE PLANTS CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS IMMOBILE GREEN IN COLOR DUE TO PRESENCE OF CHOLOROPHYLL AUTOTROPH EUGLENA ANIMALS CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS MOBILE NON-GREEN IN COLOR HETEROTROPH CONNECTING LINK/BOUNDARY BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

14. Main branches of Biology Botany/Phytology : It is a latin word (Botane = plant). Its meaning is plant. Theophrastus is considered as the father of Botany. Zoology: It is a Greek word (Zoon =animal + logos = study/ discourse). Aristotle is considered as the father of Zoology. Microbiology: (Micro= very small) It is a third branch which includes study of very small organisms. Leuwenhoeck is considered as the father of microbiology.

15. BIOLOGY MORPHOLOGY ANATOMY EVOLUTION CYTOLOGY/ CELL BIOLOGY HISTOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY TAXONOMY GENETICS BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY ECOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

16. EVOLUTION ETHOLOGICAL/ CULTURAL EVOLUTION BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION CHEMICAL EVOLUTION CELL SUB ATOMIC ATOMIC MOLECULAR TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM POPULATION BIOTIC COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOSPHERE ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON

17. Cell Biology Study of Cell कोशिका का अध्ययन Cell – Structural & functional unit of Life The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke (1665). He wrote the book “Micrographia”.

18. Types of cell Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

19. Plant Cell

20. Animal Cell

21. Cell Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Organelles Deutoplasmic organelles/ Cell inclusions Living Non-living Mitochondria Microbodies Golgi Complex Chloroplast Centrosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Glyoxysome Peroxisome Spherosome Transosome Lomasome Mesosome Ribosome Vacuoles Vesicles Glycogen Bodies Raphides Nucleus Nuclear MembraneNucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin Chromosome Nucleic Acid Protein DNA RNA Histone Non-histone Cytoskeleton Protoplast Protoplasm