2. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

3. Review What does ATP stand for? What does ATP stand for? Where is energy stored? Where is energy stored? Name the two enzymes involved. Name the two enzymes involved. Name process used to create ATP. Name process used to create ATP. What do you need energy for? What do you need energy for? Where do you get the material to make ATP? Where do you get the material to make ATP?

4. Reflection 2/25 – Describe the purpose of plant pigments. 2/26 – Name 2 different pigments in plants. 2/29 – Name the location of the pigments. 3/1 – Explain why plants are not black and absorb more photons. 3/2 – Write formula for photosynthesis and name the location. BLAH!!!! 3/3 – Name what is the end product of the light dependent reaction.

5. Reflection ¾ - Name the reactants and products for the light dep and light independent reactions. 3/8 –Describe 2 ways cells can obtain energy. 3/9 – Explain why your arms hurt after squeezing the ball for a while. 3/10 – Name the end products of cellular respiration. 3/14 – Name the 4 steps of cellular respiration.

6. Purpose of the pigments. Name several types of pigments Way do trees leaves change colors in fall? Way do plants have multiple pigments? Why do plants appear green? What part of the spectrum do plants use? Why are they not black? Location of pigments? Which wavelengths are more dangerous?

7. THE FOOD WEB What does ATP have to do with a food web?

8. Living things need energy to survive and function. You get the energy you need from the food you eat. Where does that energy come from? Sun  Plants  You !!!2

9. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY! What do you use energy for?

10. What Is ATP? A molecule that carries the energy used by all cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright Cmassengale

11. ATP: Energy Storage WHAT IS ATP? Universal Energy Molecule Universal Energy Molecule The cell ’ s “ Energy Bank ” The cell ’ s “ Energy Bank ” Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist of Consist of a sugar called ribose a sugar called ribose N containing Adenine N containing Adenine Three phosphate groups Three phosphate groups4

12. ATP Fueling the body’s economy eat high energy organic molecules food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, Make in CELLULAR RESPIRATION!! Whoa! Hot stuff!

13. When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals in the mitochondria Copyright Cmassengale

14. How does ATP transfer energy? P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O 7.3 energy + P O–O– O–O– O –O–O ATP  ADP BONDS ALWAYS CONTAIN ENERGY!!! WHEN YOU BREAK A BOND ENERGY IS RELEASED!! FORMING A BOND TAKES ENERGY!! ADPATP

15. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

16. How Does ATP Work? The bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis which produces energy!!! ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond to the third bond is easily broken. When the third bond is broken, energy is released. Becomes ADP – no energy!!

17. How Does ATP Work? So what? Energy is stored in these bonds. So? The breaking of the chemical bond releases the energy ATP + H 2 O→ ADP + P + ENERGY ATP is made in photosynthesis and respiration!!! ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a a molecule that carries energy that cells can use.

18. ATP AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups5

19. How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! Copyright Cmassengale

20. How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ENERGY IS NEEDED ATP Synthetase Copyright Cmassengale

21. The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP-ase ATP Synthetase Copyright Cmassengale

22. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

23. THE SUN: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Source of light energy Source of heat energy Gravitational attraction Source of radiation Day and night Source of all energy(electricity) Source of food for all organisms!!!!

24. Role of SUN in photosynthesis? Role of SUN in photosynthesis? Role of photon? Role of photon? Why are pigments important? JOB? Why are pigments important? JOB? Name the main pigment – location? Name the main pigment – location? Name of other pigments – Roles? Name of other pigments – Roles? Why do leaves change color in fall? Why do leaves change color in fall? What do plants use to start photosynthesis? What do plants use to start photosynthesis? Why do plants have different pigments? Why do plants have different pigments? Why aren’t plant black? Why aren’t plant black? Why do plants appear green? Why do plants appear green? What color of the light spectrum do plants use? What color of the light spectrum do plants use?

25. Name of all the waves received from the Sun? Name of the part that plants use. Purpose of photosynthesis. END GOAL?

26. Light Energy(photons) Harvested by Plants & Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

27. Sunlight & Plants - ?????? Sunlight energy is called electromagnetic Sunlight energy is called electromagnetic Energy. Travels in waves. Waves contains packages of energy called photons. Plants traps energy in pigments. Waves contains packages of energy called photons. Plants traps energy in pigments. Electromagnetic spectrum – full range of wavelengths received from the Sun. Electromagnetic spectrum – full range of wavelengths received from the Sun.

28. Visible Light Wavelengths 380 – 750 nm Wavelength is the distance between two crests of a wave. Shorter the wavlength the more dangerous.

29. SUN’S SPECTRUM

30. Plants are absorbing all colors except green as photons to power photosynthesis!!!! WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Gamma rays X-raysUVInfrared Micro- waves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

31. Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light Gamma rays X-raysUV Infrared & Microwaves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

32. Where are pigments Located???

33. Pigment and Light Sun’s energy travels as light(photon). We see sunlight as “white light” (ROYGBIV). Plant gather the Sun’s energy(photons) with light-absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS. Pigments: photosynthetic organisms capture energy(photons) using pigments.

34. Plants are green BECAUSE!! Chlorophyll a & b absorb all colors but green in the thylakoid membrane as photons to jump start photosynthesis. They use all the colors but green. Chlorophyll a & b absorb all colors but green in the thylakoid membrane as photons to jump start photosynthesis. They use all the colors but green.

35. Sunlight minus absorbed wavelengths or colors equals the apparent color of an object. The feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments. These pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others. Reflected light

36. . Light Reflected light Absorbed light Transmitted light Chloroplast THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED

37. Why Not Black? TOO MUCH ENERGY!!!!!!!

38. –Chlorophyll a – green pigments in plants and bacteria MAIN PIGMENT!!!! Accessory Pigments – pigments that pass photons to chlorophyll a –Chlorophyll b in green algae –Carotenoids – orange, red, yellow when chloroplast die in plants. Chlorophyll breaks down first in the fall so we see these colors. –Xanthophyll – yellow pigments in diatoms(protists) Figure 7.7

39. Why should a plant have a variety of pigments? MORE ABSORPTION – but not TOO much!!! MORE ABSORPTION – but not TOO much!!! Goldilocks effect Goldilocks effect MORE PIGMENTS;MORE ABSORPTION!!!! MORE PIGMENTS;MORE ABSORPTION!!!!

40. Pigments or photosystems

41. . b a 19

42. Different pigments absorb light differently

43. Where does photosynthesis take place?12

44. Where does photosynthesis occur? CHLOROPLAST!! CHLOROPLAST!! BUT there are different parts of the choroplasts you must know! BUT there are different parts of the choroplasts you must know!

46. The location and structure of chloroplasts LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Chloroplast Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Thylakoid compartment Thylakoid Stroma Granum StromaGrana

47. Chloroplast Picture 17 Chloroplast Structure

48. Section 23-4 Epidermis Stomata Guard cells The Internal Structure of a Leaf CO 2 enters through the stomata Chloroplasts CO 2 Goes in14

50. Leaf Structure Photosynthesis Location: The leaves of plants: stomata – holes On the bottom of leaves. Stomata Cell Chloroplast CO 2 Goes in13

51. Thylakoids: flat compartments in the chloroplast that contains plant pigments. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION occurs here. Thylakoids: flat compartments in the chloroplast that contains plant pigments. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION occurs here. Grana: are stacks of thylakoids. Grana: are stacks of thylakoids. Stroma: fluid that is all around the grana inside the chorplast. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION occurs here. Stroma: fluid that is all around the grana inside the chorplast. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION occurs here. Parts of the Chloroplasts

52. Why are Chloroplast Important ? The chloroplasts contain the PIGMENTS that absorb the Sun’s energy as photons and use this energy to excite electrons which power photosynthesis. To break apart water and carbon dioxide, you must have energy!!!!

53. LETS START AT THE BEGINNING!!!!!!!

54. 1. 1. Where does photosynthesis occur? 2. 2. Purpose of photosynthesis? 3. 3. Draw and label main parts of the chloroplasts? 4. 4. Name of 2 parts of photosynthesis? 5. 5. Waste of photosynthesis? 6. 6. Purpose of the photosystem? 7. 7. Why named II then I? 8. 8. Purpose of ATP and NADPH? 9. 9. Use the diagram to describe the parts of LDR.

57. Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists –Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through photosynthesis –Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the form of chemical bonds (a) Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants (b) Kelp (c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

58. Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants CO 2 + H 2 O Chloroplast Light Energy Glucose & O 220 SUN

59. Where does each reactant enter the plant??? 28

60. Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water ENERGY MUST BE SLOWLY RELEASED OR LOSE THE ENERGY!!! AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon dioxide WaterGlucoseOxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS

61. FACTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. 1. Must occur slowly 2. 2. Transfer energy to energy carriers to carry energy to Calvin cycle 3. 3. Photosystems are the pigments that trap different wavelengths of light

62. Photosystems: cluster of chlorophyll and proteinsabsorb the sun’s energy and generate the highenergy electrons that are passed to the electron carrier molecules. Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH Electron transport chains and photosystems

63. Photosynthesis Occurs in two Steps Light dependent Reaction Light indedenpent/ Calvin Cycle Oxygen ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membrane Glucose Stroma Produces Occurs (location) 26 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy from sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

64. High Energy Electrons and Molecules Once the sun’s energy has been trapped and excited an electron, what happens to it? Electron Carrier: a molecule that picks up the electron and uses this energy to break apart bonds. Examples of electron carriers: NADP and ATP NADP captures two electrons of H and becomes NADPH. ADP becomes ATP!!!

65. Overview of Photosynthesis Step 1 – Light dependent reaction(depends on Light) Traps the sunlight and energy is moved along the thylakoid membrane. Water is broken in to O and H by the electrons that are in ATP and NADPH required for dark reaction. Oxygen given off as waste. Photosystem I and photosystem II - pigments Step 2 – Dark reaction(Calvin Cycle) Carbon Dioxide now is added to cycle to build glucose.Uses ATP and electrons from light reaction to make glucose.

66. Light Dependent Reaction Photosystem II 1. 1. Photon absorbed by pigments. 2. 2. Water is split into H and O – Oxygen released. It’s the Oxygen we breathe. 3. 3. H is pumped across membrane against gradient using energy from photon.

67. Photosynthesis Step 1 – Light Dependent Reaction The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy. Takes place in thylakoid membrane - photosystems. Photosystem II and electron transport 1. Pigments absorb photons. Splits water. 2. Energy as electrons is moved along the membrane(electron transport chain) 3. Water is split into H, electrons, and O. O released as waste through stomata. 4. H is pumped into the membrane to make ATP through ATP synthase.

68. Photosynthesis Photosystem I 1. Electrons from photosytem II is moved along the membrane to photosystem I. 2. Chlorophyll(pigments) continue to adsorb sunlight and free electrons. 3. Electrons are added to NADPH which is the energy carrier for the rest of photosynthesis. 4. The electrons and H are pumped though a channel as part of an enzyme ATP synthase to make ATP.

69. Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction. Energy captured from Sunlight. Energy captured from Sunlight. H 2 O is split into H +, electrons, & Oxygen (O 2 ). H 2 O is split into H +, electrons, & Oxygen (O 2 ). The O 2 diffuses out of the Chloroplasts. The O 2 diffuses out of the Chloroplasts. MADE: O 2, ATP & NADPH. MADE: O 2, ATP & NADPH. Takes place: Thylakoid Takes place: Thylakoid23 The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.

71. The O 2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from the oxygen in water (H + and e - ) Plants produce O 2 gas by splitting H 2 O

72. Electron Transport Chain When the electrons are excited from the light reaction, they are passed along the membrane through the protein pumps. They passed from Photosystem I to photosystem II.

73. Summary of Light-dependent Reaction Energy is captured from sunlight and transferred to electrons(electron transport chain). Water molecule pulled apart to provide H ions. The ions are used to make ATP and NADPH. Need: sunlight and water Produce: energy carrying molecules and oxygen(waste).

74. Summary—Light Dependent Reactions a. Overall input photons, H 2 O. b. Overall output ATP, NADPH, O 2.

76. Light Chloroplast Light reactions Calvin cycle NADP  ADP + P 1 AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

77. –The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH is used to make Glucose using CO 2. –This is a light independent reaction. –MADE: –MADE: Glucose –Takes place: –Takes place: Stroma Step 2: Light I II Independent Reaction (CALVIN CYCLE). 24242424 SunlightWater Oxygen The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. ATP NADPH Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction This process is known as carbon fixation.

78. Step 2 – Light Independent Reaction – CALVIN CYCLE Occurs in the stroma. The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide 1.ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis 2.The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose. Carbon Dioxide is built to make a 6 carbon sugar called glucose. –END GOAL – to break carbon dioxide down and combine into glucose!!! Need energy to do this!! That is why ATP and NADPH was made!! AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

79. Light Independent Reaction Overview 1. Carbon dioxide added:Carbon Dioxide enters the plant from the atmosphere. Bonds with a 5-carbon sugar. 2.Three-carbon molecules formed: ATP and NADPH use enzymes in the stroma to split the six carbon into 2 3 carbon sugars. Its unstable!!! 3. One Three-carbon molecules exit: to become glucose 4. Other Three-carbon molecules recycled: Energy from ATP Change 3carbon molecules back into 5 carbon to start the cycle over again. IT TAKES 2 CYCLES TO MAKE 1 GLUCOSE!

80. Overview Calvin Cycle In put: ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide Output: GLUCOSE!! The end goal – Make glucose from the SUN!!

81. STOMATA http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Trans port.html http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Trans port.html

83. The production of ATP Thylakoid compartm ent (high H + ) Thylakoid membrane Stroma (low H + ) Lig ht Antenn a molecul es Lig ht ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTE M I ATP SYNTHASE

90. Harvesting Chemical Energy Energy enters food chains (via autotrophs) we can look at how organisms use that energy to fuel their bodies. Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals

91. Cellular Respiration 30

92. PURPOSE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION???????

93. Cellular Respiration Overview: Plants are producers and make glucose by the process of photosynthesis. ALL ORGANISMS breakdown glucose for energy. There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC RESPIRATION 32 36

94. How Do You Make ATP? ATP synthase on the membrane of the cristae. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase.

95. Cellular Respiration Purpose 1. Converts energy in the bonds of glucose into ATP. 2. Many steps that allows energy to be slowly released. OR you would explode!! 3. Slow breakdown of glucose yields 36 or 38 ATPS 31

96. How do we make ATP? Just like in photosynthesis. ATP is made by pumping H across ATP synthase to attach a P onto ADP. This is the goal of cellular respiration. MAKE 38 ATP from each glucose molecule!!

97. NAD and FAD – Energy carriers * Photosynthesis use the electron carrier – NADP Cellular respiration uses – NAD FAD – also an energy carrier or electron carrier Carry to ATP synthenase THEY CARRY THE H+ TO THE CRISTAE TO BE PUMPED ACROSS TO MAKE ATP!!

100. Mitochondria Anatomy 35 Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria  2 membranes  Own ribosomes  Own DNA

101. Parts of the Mitochondria 1. Cristae – Fold of the mitochondria Location of the ETC that makes ATP. Folded to make more surface area for more ATP. 2. Matrix: Space in mitochondria where the KREB cycle occurs.

102. 4 Steps 4 Steps. Step 1: Glycolysis CYTOPLASM ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC? CELLULAR RESPIRATION Step 2 – Transition Step 3: Krebs Cycle- MATRIX Step 3: Krebs Cycle- MATRIX Step 4: ETC - CRISTAE

104. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis – Occurs before Cell. Resp. TRANSITIONAL Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

105. In the presence of Oxygen: Step 2: Step 3: In the presence of Oxygen: Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport Mitochondria Happens in the Mitochondria Pyruvate Starts with Pyruvate. CO 2, H 2 O & ATP Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria and is broken down into CO 2, H 2 O & ATP. 36

106. StageLocationProductsSummary GlycolysiscytoplasmPyruvate 2 ATP Breaks glucose into 3 C called pyruvate TransitionmatrixAcetyl Co -ABreaks pyruvate into 2 carbon called Acetyl Co -A Kreb or Citric acid matrixFADH, NADH, ATP Breaks bonds traps energy and electrons into energy carriers ETC Cristae membrane 36 ATPTransport H+ protons across membrane to create a gradient. H+ pumped across ATP synthase to make ATP

107. Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) + ATP Cellular Respiration

108. Glucose To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Glycolysis: Step 1 2 Pyruvic acid

109. Glycolysis Glyco = glucoseLysis = break down LOCATION: Occurs in the cytoplasm This stage occurs in BOTH aerobic and anaerobic respiration Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate (2 ATP are also made) – Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar – Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule (there are two of them)

110. Citric Acid Production Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Mitochondrion

112. Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid Go to Section: With oxygen 36

113. Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production ATP synthase Channel Inner Membrane Matrix Intermembrane Space Mitochondrion

115. Carbon Oxygen Cycle

116. Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The products on one are used for the other to produce ATP from the Sun! Creates the Carbon- Oxygen Cycle!!!

117. Cellular Respiration Overview Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration Overall Reaction: – C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

118. Overall Reaction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38 ATP Overall this is a three stage process 1. Glycolysis: before cellular respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose is broken down 2. Krebs Cycle Breaks down pyruvate into CO2 Occurs in mitochondrial matrix 3. Electron Transport Chain ATP is synthesized - Occurs in cristae Water produced 36 ATP

119. Cellular Respiration Overview Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell After glycolysis, life diverges into two forms and two pathways – Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) No oxygen – Aerobic cellular respiration I Oxygen needed!!

121. Step 1: Glycolysis Means “Splitting Glucose” Glycolysis starts with Glucose. 34 –Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid. –Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ). –Happens in the Cytoplasm. –Clip Clip Glycolysis does not need oxygen!

122. Citric Acid Production Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 Mitochondrion

123. Steps of Glycolysis 1.Two ATP molecules are used to energize a glucose molecule. 2. Glucose is split into 2 3 carbon molecules. Enzymes rearrange the molecules. 3. Electrons are transferred to NADP. The carbon molecules are converted to pyurate which enters cellular respiration.

124. Locatiom: Cytoplasm NO O 2 required Energy Yield  net gain of 2 ATP at the expense of 2 ATP 6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates Free e - and H + combine with organic ion carriers called NAD +  NADH + H + (nicotinamide dinucleotide)Used in ETC. Hydrogen attached to water. Glycolysis

125. Glycolysis Reactants and Products Reactants 1 glucose Enzymes are needed 2 ATP are needed to start Products 2 Pyruvates (go to next step) 4 ATP (2 are gained) 2 NADH (go to ETC) Really 10 steps with 10 different enzymes involved.

126. OXYGEN PRESENT - RELEASES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM SUGARS AND OTHER CARBON-BASED MOLECULE * Convert to NADH, FADH, AND ATP then TO MAKE ATP WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT!!!! NO OXYGEN – FERMENTATION!!!! Cellular Respiration

127. ANAEROBIC VS. AEROBIC Anaerobic – no oxygen present fermentation or lactic acid can be formed. No oxygen then no cellular respiration. Aerobic –oxygen present. If oxygen is present, then cellular respiration can occur. KREB CYCLE & ETC

128. Krebs Cycle

129. TRANSITION - Matrix Pyruvate becomes a 2 carbon molecule called Acetyl Co-A. It goes to the Kreb Cycle.

132. Main Goals of Krebs Cycle Break down Acetyl Co – A into high energy electrons(NADPH and FADH) to molecules that can carry them to the electron transport chain. * Form some ATP molecules.

133. Krebs Cycle- MATRIX Acetyl Co – A enters mitochondria. In the innermost layer of mitochondria or the MATRIX pyruvic acid are broken down into carbon dioxide and acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl- CoA combines with 4 carbon compounds forming a 6 carbon molecule citric acid. Energy is released by breaking and reforming these bonds.

134. Kreb Cycle 1. Pyruvate broken down 2. Coenzyme A bonds to 2 carbon molecule 3. Citric Acid formed: 2 carbon bonded to 4 carbon. Coenzyme goes back to step 2. 4. Citric Acid brokendown: into 5 carbon sugar carbon dioxide and NADH 5. 5 carbon sugar broken down: Into 4 carbon sugar, NADH, ATP and Carbon dioxide. 6. 4 carbon rearranged by enzymes. Molecules of NADH, FADH(electron carrier).

135. Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Where  Mitochondrial matrix Energy Yield  2 ATP and more e - Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to form 6-C CITRIC ACID Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to a 4-C Gives off a CO 2 molecule NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e - FAD becomes FADH 2 NAD + becomes NADH + H + Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule

136. Krebs Cycle Reactants and Products Reactants 2 Acetyl CoA Remember when you form a bond energy is released!! This is the key!! Products 2 ATP 6 NADH (go to ETC) 2 FADH 2 (go to ETC) 4 CO 2 (given off as waste)

138. Products of Kreb Cycle High energy carriers – NADH and FADH – This is the main goal!!! Carbon Dioxide 2 ATP molecules 4 carbon molecules to start again HYDROGEN IONS ARE SENT DOWN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN to make ATP.

140. Electron Transport ATP synthesis

141. Electron Transport Chain Where  inner membrane of mitochondria called cristea. Energy Yield  Total of 32 ATP O 2 combines with TWO H + to form H 2 O Exhale - CO 2, H 2 O comes from cellular respiration

142. Electron Transport - Step 3 1. Proteins inside the membrane of the mito. Remove electrons from NADPh and FADH. 2. Electrons(hydrogen) are transported down the chain of the membrane to be pumped across. 3. ATP synthase(enzyme) puts a P on ADP to make ATP(END GOAL!!). 4. Oxygen enters the cycle to pick up electrons and hydrogen ions to make water that leaves the cycle.

143. Electron Transport Chain Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain- like a series of steps (staircase). As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP – Final Goal!! Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

144. Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria

145. FERMENTATION???? WHY DOES IT OCCUR? WHAT ORGANISMS CAN DO FERMENTATION? WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

146. Fermentation Without oxygen: Lactic AcidAlcohol Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. Lactic Acid- Muscle cells Alcohol- Yeast, bacteria 40

147. FERMENTATION Without oxygen, cellular respiration cannot occur. How then do organisms produce ATP? BY COMPLETING GYLCOLYSIS OVER AN OVER! BUT THIS CREATES A PROBLEM – NO NAD+ HOW DO ORGANISMS FIX THIS PROBLEM?????

148. FERMENTATION By taking pyruvate and NADH. They rip off the H+ and produce NAD+ so gylcolysis can occur. THE PURPOSE IS TO CREATE NAD+ FOR GYLCOLYSIS.

150. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Anaerobic DOES NOT require oxygen PRODUCTS: Lactic acid & alcohol fermentation – Simple & FAST – cytoplasm – produces smaller amounts of energy (ATP) Cellular respiration: Aerobic requires oxygen – cellular respiration – Yields large amounts of energy – What is this energy molecule? ATP, ATP, ATP

151. 1 Without oxygen: Only do glycolysis over and over!!! 1 Glucose is converted into 2 ATP. 41

152. Two Types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvate converted to ethyl alcohol and CO 2 Carried out by yeast and some bacteria Used in producing alcohol (both consumable and for ethanol), and for baking Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate converted to lactic acid Carried out by muscles when working hard (muscles need ATP but can’t get O 2 ) Causes muscle soreness and cramps

153. Alcohol Fermentation In the process, freeing up NAD+ Pyruvate

155. Importance of Fermentation Alcohol Industry - almost every society has a fermented beverage. Baking Industry - many breads use yeast to provide bubbles to raise the dough.

156. Alcoholic Fermentation Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages Also used to raise dough, bread

157. Lactic Acid Fermentation Uses only Glycolysis. Does NOT require O 2 Produces ATP when O 2 is not available.

158. Lactic Acid Fermentation Carried out by human muscle cells under oxygen debt. Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes fatigue, soreness and stiffness in muscles.

159. Lactic Acid Formation pyruvate + NADH----- lactic acid + NAD +

161. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic – Glycolysis 2 ATP – Kreb’s 2 ATP – Electron Transport32 ATP 36 ATP Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon