1. Byzantine Christianity and the Conversion of the Slavs Week 2, Lecture 2

2. No Stirrups! Bronze statuette of Carolingian emperor, possibly Charles the Bald

3. The Rehabilitation of the Icons First period of iconoclasm: c. 730s-787 Second Council of Nicaea, 787 Second period: 814-842 Emperor Theophlios (r. 829-42) Theodora (r. 842-55) –Regent for Michael III (r. 842-867) –“Playing with dolls”

4. An Iconoclast’s Church Hagia Irene in Constantinople. The apse mosaic, instead of depicting Christ or Mary, is a simple cross with no figure on it.

5. Virgin and Child, 867 First major figural mosaic put up in Hagia Sophia (Constantinople) after the restoration of images.

6. The “Photian Controversy” Emperor Michael III and Bardas Patriarch Ignatius (r. 847-58 and 867-77) Patriarch Photius (r. 858-67 and 877-86) Pope Nicholas I (r. 858-67) –Nicholas: “You’re supposed to listen to me! Roman primacy!” –Michael: “WTF dude? I’m Emperor.” Schism: a divide in the church

7. The Early Slavs Little literary and archaeological evidence Present in eastern Europe by the mid 6 th century Polytheists Conversion efforts divided between Latin- speaking Christians with ties to Rome/the HRE; and Greek-speaking Christians with ties to the Byzantine Empire

8. Constantine (St. Cyril) and Methodius First Mission to the Slavs: 862

9. The Byzantine Mission to the Slavs Rastislav, Prince of Moravia Boris, Khagan of the Bulgars Patriarch Photius Pope Nicholas I Constantine “the Philosopher” (Cyril) Methodius Glagolitic alphabet Pope Hadrian II “Trilingual heresy” Cyrillic alphabet

11. The Lord’s Prayer in Two Slavic Languages Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie święć się imię Twoje; przyjdź królestwo Twoje; bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi; chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj; i odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom; i nie wódź nas na pokuszenie; ale nas zbaw od złego. Amen Bulgarian: Orthodox; Cyrillic alphabet Отче наш, Ти, който си на небето, да се свети името Ти, да дойде царството Ти, да бъде волята Ти, както на небето, така и на земята. Насъщния ни хляб дай ни днес и прости нам греховете ни, тъй както и ние прощаваме на ближните си, и не ни въвеждай в изкушение, ала избави ни от Лукавия. Амин. Polish: Catholic; Latin alphabet

12. The Byzantine Soap Opera Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos (r. 901-907, 912-925) Emperor Leo VI (r. 886-912) Zoe Karbonopsina, mother of Constantine VII Pope Sergius III (r. 904-11)

13. Mosaic in Hagia Sophia: Leo VI does homage before Christ (c. 900)

14. Patriarch as Emperor? Long list of co-regents for Constantine VII –Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos (913) –Zoe (mother) (913-19) –Romanos Lekapenos (military man) (920-42) Simeon, Khagan of Bulgaria

15. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Second name means “born in the purple”

16. Olga of Kiev The Rus’ (Russians) – a blended people of Slavic and Scandinavian origins The Varangians who sailed down the Volga River Olga (r. 945-63) was regent for her young son Sviatoslav Converted to Christianity in c. 957 and was baptized in Constantinople Sviatoslav remained pagan, but his son Vladimir threw his father’s gods in a river and made Christianity the official religion of his people in 988

17. The Later Tenth Century Romanos II (r. 959-63) Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963-99) Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Liutprand of Cremona –Lombard bishop, diplomat, and historian –Failed embassy in 968 for the hand of Anna Porphyrogenita, daughter of Romanus II –Extremely biased source