1. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST

2. CULTURE THE RENAISSANCE 14 TH AND 15 TH CENTURIES

3. DA VINCI

4. MICHELANGELO

5. Religion PROTESTANT REFORMATION

6. “Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice- regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.” R. H. BAINTON STATES…

7.  Author - Who created the source? What is their point of view?  Place and Time -Where and when was the source produced?  Prior Knowledge - What do you already know that would further your understanding of this sources?  Audience - For whom was the source created? Does this affect the reliability of the source?  Reason - Why was this source produced at the time is was produced?  The Main Idea - What is the source trying to convey?  Significance - Why is this source important? CARICATURE OF THE POPE

8.  Church corruption  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land  Papal need for money  indulgences  Printing Press CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

10.  Erasmus wrote satire, The Praise of Folly seeking inward reform  Christian humanism is born  People could use reason to improve religious experiences PROTESTANT REFORMATION

11.  In 1517, Pope Leo X offered indulgences for those who gave alms to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.  German Monk  Believed faith = salvation MARTIN LUTHER

12. NINETY-FIVE THESES  denounced indulgences  denied the Pope's right to grant pardons on God's behalf in the first place All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517

13.  1521 – Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X  1521- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summons Luther for trial at Diet of Worms  condemned as a heretic and an outlaw  Helped by Prince Frederick of Saxony  Translated New Testament into German POPE SENDS LUTHER A BILL

14.  Charles V  Accepted division of Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire  Princes were able to choose the religion of their kingdom PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555

15.  Zwingli – reformer  Peasants went to war with Catholic states  Zwingli captured & killed  John Calvin - predestination SWITZERLAND

16.  1529-1537  More political than religious  Henry VIII wanted to annul marriage  Act of Supremacy, 1534  Henry supreme ruler over ALL  Formed Anglican Church ENGLAND

17.  Protestantism made illegal in France in 1534  Persecution of the Huguenots  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - August 24, 1572, 3000 Huguenots were massacred by the Catholics FRANCE

18.  Council of Trent  1545 to 1563  salvation came from good works and faith but it also said that church traditions were equal to the Bible as sources of religious truth.  Latin Bible was the only acceptable version of  the scriptures. CATHOLIC RESPONSE

19. TREATY OF WESTPHALIA

20. Intellectual THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

21.  Medieval Way  Geocentricism  New Way  Heliocentricism  Effect  Starting point of modern astronomy  Questioned until the 18 th century NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473–1543)

22.  Empiricism  Ideas based on experiment and observation  Scientific Method FRANCIS BACON (1561 – 1626)

23.  Improvement to the telescope  Astronomical observations and support for Copericanism  Investigated by Roman Inquisition in 1615  House arrest until 1642 GALILEO (1564–1642)

24.  Planetary orbits are elliptical and not circular KEPLER (1571–1630)

25.  Described gravitation  The three law of motion  An object in motion will stay in motion unless otherwise acted upon  Force = m(a)  For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction NEWTON (1642–1727)

26.  Founder of modern human anatomy  Physician at court of Emperor Charles V  Parallel dissection ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514–1564)

27.  describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation  properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart WILLIAM HARVEY (1578–1657)

28.  Combined philosophy and science  “I think, therefore, I am.”  Skepticism  Rationalism  any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650)

29.  Rational thought and analysis  Challenges to recognized authority  Deism  Tolerance  Progress  Movement known as the “Enlightenment” EFFECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

30. Intellectual and Political THE ENLIGHTENMENT

31.  In state of nature, man is evil  Must have absolute monarchy for control THOMAS HOBBES (1588 – 1679)

32.  Tabula rasa  Government with the consent of the governed  Rights of life, liberty and property  Men are good JOHN LOCKE (1632 – 1704)

33.  Freedom of religion  Freedom of expression  Civil Rights  separation of church and state VOLTAIRE (1694 – 1778)

34.  Separation of powers  Checks and Balances MONTESQUIEU (1689 – 1755)

35.  Individual freedom  People were born free and corrupted by society  Only good government = for the people and by the general will of society  Social Contract ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778)

36.  Laissez-faire economy  Free enterprise system  Laws of supply and demand ADAM SMITH (1723-1790)

37.  Belief in progress  More secular outlook  Importance of the individual  Political change IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

38. Political THE NEW MONARCHIES

39.  Monarch exercises ultimate governing authority  Autocrat  Notables  Louis XIV (France)  Frederick (Prussia) ABSOLUTISM

40.  Limited monarchy  Role of the central state but build parliamentary regimes for the king to share power  Examples:  Britain  Netherlands PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY

41.  Monarchs “respecting” rights  Notables  Frederick the Great (Prussia)  Joseph II (Austria) Catherine the Great (Russia) ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

42. TransformationsPoliticalEconomicReligiousSocialIntellectualArtistic