1. AP EURO Unit #6 – Early 20 th Century (The World Wars) Lesson #610 Second World War

2. Essential Questions 25. How did technology and attitude make this war so devastating? 26. What was the impact of war on European society and economy?

3. 10 mistakes by Hitler (15m) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK419Nl p8eU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK419Nl p8eU Repudiation of Versailles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j- wpbp_JYzk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j- wpbp_JYzk

4. Appeasement Give an argument for giving in to Hitler. Give an argument against it. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was proud to appease Hitler “peace with honor” “peace for our time” Flew to Berlin 3x – got Hitler’s signature In return, Britain had to allow for annexation of Czechoslovakia Czechs were not even a part of discussion Why were people so damn happy about this agreement?! 1.5m

5. German-Soviet pact Stalin and Hitler had agreed to support each other in case of war – NOT an alliance – they supremely mistrusted each other – Each had been developing secret plans to invade the other – But, they did agree that they’d share Poland if one invaded Poland Why is this an important agreement What did it show about each super-power?

6. Invasion of Poland German invasion – Sept 1, 1939 BLITZKRIEG – “lightening war” Britain and France responded declaring war – Moved troops into Belgium and dug in Soviets moved to take their “share” Soviets then moved North to invade Finland – Fins fought bravely 6 months – Remained Neutral – But, that puts Fins on German side

7. Other German Aggressive moves Denmark – took just a few days to conquer Netherlands – took two weeks Belgium – 6 days Took British and French by surprise – Had prepared for a static war – Blitzkrieg was fast moving, using modern technology Evacuation at Dunkirk – 300,000 allied troops France invaded (Spring, 1940) Took 2 months to defeat

9. The German built Atlantic Wall

11. Battle of Britain Only Britain remained outside German control Britain prepared for invasion Had created defensive weapon: RADAR – could detect air attack Germany attacked June, 1940 Ceaseless bombings for a full year Shifted to night time bombing meant to terrorize Britain (THE BLITZ) Sept 1940-May 1941 Never really focused on one target

12. Battle of Britain Churchill was the inspiration – Churchill HATED tyranny Parliament granted PM Churchill “emergency powers” – Selective service – Rationing – Parliament morphed to one party – Mobilization of the economy – British production actually increased – Unemployment disappeared Families moved kids to country About 40,000 civilian deaths

13. Leningrad When the Germans invaded Russia in June 1942, the population of Leningrad was about 2,500,000 On September 12th, those in charge of the city estimated that they had the following supplies: – flour for 35 days – cereals for 30 days – meat for 33 days – fats for 45 days – sugar for 60 days The nearest rail head was about 100 miles east soon to fall to the Germans. By mid-September, Leningrad was cut-off The siege was to last for 900 days.

14. Operation Barbarossa Planned on Spring offensive Had to bail out failed Italian invasion of Greece in Spring Attacked too late to take Leningrad by winter Russians had been weakened by purges Russians far larger, but not as efficient – 2,000 Russian planes destroyed in 2 days – 14,300 of Russian 15,000 tanks destroyed by Nov. – 2,500,000 Russians lost (half the full army) – Russians relocated most of industry to east of Urals

15. German attitude Germans were brutal Whole towns leveled 16,000,000 Russians would eventually die Prisoners sent to Concentration camps Great fear of Stalin: ethnic minorities would see Germans as liberators, not invaders Hitler took command – split army to take Moscow and Leningrad at same time Russian winter defeated the Germans

17. Invasion of France Collaborators – Petain recognized the Church – Vichy mirrored Hitler’s society – Vichy – intense nationalism & prejudice Non-Collaborators – Gen Charles de Gaulle – Free France – (broadcasted from London) Petain De Gaulle

18. The Holocaust Organized and methodical 525,000 German Jews (less than 1%) 1.Jews forced out of their civil service jobs, university and law court positions, 2.Nuremberg Laws (1933) - defined Jews, by religious affiliation of their grandparents 3.Between 1937 and 1939, new anti-Jewish regulations segregated Jews further 4.Jews could not attend public schools; go to theaters, cinema, or vacation resort 5.Nazis seized Jewish properties or Jews to sell at bargain prices. 6.Kristallnacht (Nov 1938): Nazis organized pogrom 7.Laws passed between 1933 and 1935 - forced sterilization programs 8.Jews forced into Ghettos, then Camps. About half escaped. 9.Those who didn’t/couldn’t were sent to Eastern camps to be killed 10.EINSTAZGRUPPEN – mobile executioners – followed advancing army – Went into a new town, rounded Jews, forced them to dig graves, then shot – 2,000,000 killed this way 6,000,000 European Jews would eventually die Himmler had planed another 30,000,000 Slavs to die

19. The Grand Alliance The “Big Three” Meetings 1.Moscow, 1943 (foreign ministers) Agreed to Unconditional Surrender, & for form a UN 2.Tehran, Iran (1943 3.Yalta (on Crimea), Feb 1945 4.Potsdam (near Berlin), July 1945 Only Stalin remained

20. German tide turned Stalingrad (1942) – Hitler determined to take – to cut off South – Russian losses in this one long battle – more than all American losses in war – Hitler refused to allow a surrender – would lose 1,000,000 men – Russians outnumbered, with huge reserves – Russian winter offensive – produced good tanks – German army forced to surrender Soft Underbelly (Italy) – 1943 – Allies took Italy – new Italian government switched sides – Hitler invaded from North and rescued Mussolini Bombing of Germany – Mimicked terrorist “Blitz” of Britain – With similar results (~40,000 dead) – Americans by day – Brits by night

21. Allied invasion into France Russians had pushed since formation of Atlantic Charter for respite Finally… D-Day invasion at Normandy (June 1944) France liberated by the Fall Push on to Berlin Why would that matter?

22. Peace Plans 60,000,000 dead – 20,000,000 military – 40,000,000 civilian – Another 10,000,000 later died of disease /hunger 2/3 of them Russian – Russians advanced into Germany – Raped and pillaged Allies demanded Unconditional surrender Hitler committed suicide May 1, 1945 Russia wanted to dismantle German industry Russia wanted war reparations Russia wanted forced labor zones Churchill refused all three