1. British History

2. 2 Today we will examine 5 major periods of British History: –1) The Roman invasion and occupation of Great Britain 43 AD- 410 AD –2)The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom 410- 1066 –3) The Norman Conquest 1066- 1485--War of the Roses-- –4) The Tudor Kingdom 1485-1603 –5) The Bourgeois Revolution to the Victorian Era 1603-1901 2

3. 3 British History 3

4. 4 Celts –6000 BC-43 AD –Celts were the most powerful tribal group living in Northern Europe in early history. –They were very warlike, and painted themselves blue. 4

5. 5 Celtic Life... 5 FESTIVALS Imbolc - 1st February Beltain - 1st May (May Day ) (May Day Lughnasa - 1st August Samhain - 1st November RELIGION Druids were celtic priests They were educated Believed in hundreds of Gods

6. Roman control: 43 AD-410 AD –Why did the Romans invade Britain? –The Romans were angry with Britain for helping the Gauls (now called the French) fight against the Roman general Julius Caesar.Gauls –They came to Britain looking for riches - land, slaves, and most of all, iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver and gold. –Expand the Roman Empire, control an island in an important place

7. What cultural customs came from the Romans? –Language: The Latin language influenced the ancient Celtic language, making pre-English. –Calendar: The solar calendar was created by Julius Caesar –Laws and Legal system: The court system and many laws came from Rome. –Technology: concrete, water pipes, central heating, straight roads –Civilized education and commerce

8. Roman expansion... –The Romans forced the people of ancient Britain to join the empire. –There was a serious war, the Romans had to invade 3 times before finally conquering Britain

9. The Anglo-Saxons –The Roman Empire fell in the early 400s AD for many reasons. –At this time, Roman soldiers left Britain. –Britain had been governed so long by the Romans, they didn’t know how to govern themselves –While they were trying to figure things out, another group from across the North sea attacked them: the Anglo-Saxons

10. 10 Anglo-Saxons: Denmark, Germany, France 10

11. –The Anglo-Saxons saw that Britain was good land for growing crops. –Their invasion was quick, as they were excellent soldiers. –They stayed in power there for 500 years before Normans came.

12. 12 English language came mostly from Teutonic, or Anglo-Saxon roots The “low-German” dialect that the Anglo- Saxons brought became the foundation for modern English. This “low-German” dialect replaced many Latin-based words, and the influence of this language was greater than Latin or French. 12

13. Anglo-Saxon Religion/Days of Week GOD OF WHAT? Balder God of Immortality Eostre Goddess of Birth Frigg Goddess of Love Hel Goddess of Death Loki God of Cunning Saxnot God of the Family Thunor God of Thunder Tiw God of War Wade God of the Sea Wayland God of Metalworking Woden Chief God Days of the Week Monandæg ( Moon's day - the day of the moon ), Tiwesdæg ( Tiw's-day - the day of the Scandinavian sky god Tiw,Tiu or Tig), Wodnesdæg ( Woden's day - the day of the god Woden (Othin) ), Ðunresdæg ( Thor's Day - the day of the god Ðunor or Thunor ), Frigedæg ( Freyja's day - the day of the goddess Freyja or Frigg, wife to Woden), Sæternesdæg ( Saturn's day - the day of the Roman god Saturn, whose festival "Saturnalia,".), Sunnandæg ( Sun's day - the day of the sun ).

14. Anglo-Saxon influence –Before the Angles and the Saxons came, the Romans had called the land “Britania”. –The Angles called it “Angleland” which over time became “England” –Mostly ancient Germans, the Anglo-Saxons are said to have given Britain stronger industry, and a culture of hard work.

15. 15 The government structure of England came mostly from Anglo-Saxons The system of “limited monarchy”, with land divided into shires and townships, all came from the Anglo-Saxons 15

16. 16 Roman technologies and society civilize Anglo-Saxons When the Anglo-Saxons first arrived, they were very uncivilized people. When they saw many Roman technologies and social systems, they quickly adopted them and learned from them 16

17. Great Kings, Unified Land –In the 880s, England was finally united into 1 kingdom under Anglo- Saxon king Alfred the Great –Alfred the Great believed in Jesus Christ and invited many missionaries into the country to share the Good News of Jesus –900s Danes (Vikings) from Northern Europe attacked England, took the throne for a short time until Anglo-Saxon Edward the Great conquered them and regained the throne in 1042.

18. King Edward –Danes continued to live in England, but under rule of Anglo-Saxon king Edward. They established a famous city called Danelaw. –He was known historically as a righteous and loving king. –He was a passionate Christian, and he built now famous Westminster Abbey to train new church leaders.

19. Norman Conquest-1066 –The Anglo-Saxons didn’t have firm rules for who would be king when a king died. –The Duke of Normandy (ancient name for France) attacked England in 1066. He won the throne for Normandy –His name was William the Conquerer. –Battle of Hastings: The Normans beat the Anglo-Saxons because their army was more professional.

20. Norman Rule: Feudalism 1066-1485 –Norman kings changed England into a Feudalistic system. –

21. Feudalism... –King/Queen –Lord/Vassal (Baron, Duke, Viscount) –Knight/Vassal –Peasant

22. French influence... –During the time of Norman rule in England, French language became the language of the Kings, Lords and Knights, while peasants continued to speak English. –Over time, these two languages combined into standard English. –French Old English –Pork Pig –Mutton Lamb –Beef Cow

23. Middle English Period 1066- 1485 –The Magna Carta was signed in the 1200s, limiting the power of the kings. This later led to the start of Parliament. –Conflict between Catholic church in Rome and English government –Many kings wanted church to combine with the government to better control peasants. –Rich got richer, poor got poorer. –this led people into the Dark Ages...1200-1485 –most famous time in English History –learned from ‘Bayeux Tapestry’

24. 24 Middle English period.. 24 Start of the Bayeux Tapestry (a replica is on display in Reading, Berkshire) Magna Carta (1215), Lincoln Castle Caernarfon Castle (1283), Caernarfon, Wales

25. 25 Middle English Period.. 25 Robin Hood (museum in Nottingham)

26. Establishing Law and Order –Simon de Montfort wanted to overthrow the king and stop feudalism. –Many lords wanted to limit king’s power, wrote Magna Carta with a group of lords called the Great Council –Their meetings were called, “House of Commons” because common people were invited to share. This was the first Parliament in the world.

27. Dark Ages... –The 1300s-1400s were the dark ages. During this time, many people died. –A disease called the Black Plague or Black Death spread through Europe from 1347-1351, killing millions of people. –The common people’s life was extremely difficult during this time, working like slaves for feudal lords.

28. Common people rise up –1400s, the businesspeople and angry peasants really wanted freedom from the feudalistic system. –First English Bible printed in early 1400s. Common people were empowered, commercial leaders in the south came against feudal lords in north. –Civil war 1455-1485 called war of Roses

29. Tudor Monarchy-1485-1603 –King Henry Tudor (Henry VII) became king –During this time, the businesspeople and burgeoisie were stronger, this monarchy became the start of a central government. –capitalism started in England, many were selling clothing, sheep and other animals. –Literature and theater became very popular, especially Shakespeare

30. Tudor Monarchy-1485-1603 –England as a country became quite rich, but quality of life in cities was still pretty low. –King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife and marry Ann Boleyn so he could have a son, but the Catholic church would not allow it. –So Henry VIII started a new church, called Church of England –In all, Henry VIII had 6 wives!

31. 31 Tudor Monarchy... The age of exploration started during this time Sir Francis Drake travelled around the world in a ship called the Golden Hinde Sir Walter Raleigh established first British colony in America, called Virginia 31

32. 32 Tudors... 32 King Henry the Eighth statue (King's College, Cambridge) William Shakespeare

33. Reformation of Church leads to Renaissance –When Martin Luther in Germany stood up against the Catholic church’s evil practices, this started the “Protestant Reformation”. –Martin Luther showed everyone that the words of the Bible say that common people can have a relationship with God and don’t need a priest. –He also said that people can’t do good things to be saved from sins, but that Jesus saves us by grace.

34. The Renaissance... –The Renaissance spread into England in the 1600s. –poetry of Spenser and Milton, philosophy of Francis Bacon –Independence of protestant Christianity encouraged people to do things individually –Capitalism, free trade, expanded during this time –Queen Elizabeth I, established great wealth in England, quality of life increased.

35. Bourgeoisie Revolution –1603 James the VI of Scotland became King, –Scotland and England unified –James thought king had “Divine Right” or the power of God. –He was very bad to anyone who didn’t attend the Church of England –Many Puritans and pilgrims left England for America during his time –Oliver Cromwell rose up “New Model Army” to overthrow king. –English Civil war: Royalists (those who supported king) against Parliamentarians (those who supported parliament

36. 36 After the king died, England became a commonwealth 36 Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Parliament Square, London

37. 37 REVIEW British History Today we will examine 5 major periods of British History: –1) The Roman invasion and occupation of Great Britain –2)The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom –3) The Norman Conquest 1--War of the Roses-- –4) The Tudor Kingdom –5) The Bourgeois Revolution to the Victorian Era 37

38. 38 British Values We will examine British cultural values in 3 ways: listen to a BBC interview; read sections from an article written by a British scholar; Read comments by common British people and search them for values 38

39. 39 BBC Weekender Interview In this interview, the interviewer will ask different British people what they think British values are. The government may soon make “British Values” a required course in schools. 39

40. 40 Vocabulary for Interview compulsory something that you must do, a strict requirement Example sentence It is compulsory for children to go to school civic responsibility each persons duty to help take care of the society they live in 40

41. 41 intrinsic basic and very important Example sentence Respect for other people is intrinsic to a peaceful society. cohesive working, living together 41

42. 42 While you listen, write all the core values you hear. 42

43. 43 A Columnist from British newspaper, “The Telegraph” writes his view of the top 10 values of the British identity Taken from www.telegraph.co.uk www.telegraph.co.uk

44. 44 I. The rule of law. Our society is based on the idea that we all abide by the same rules, whatever our wealth or status. No one is above the law - not even the government

45. 45 II. The sovereignty of the Crown in Parliament. The Lords, the Commons and the monarch constitute the supreme authority in the land. There is no appeal to any higher jurisdiction, spiritual or temporal. meaning: respect for government authority; balance of govt. power 45

46. 46 III. The pluralist state. Equality before the law implies that no one should be treated differently on the basis of belonging to a particular group. Conversely, all parties, sects, faiths and ideologies must tolerate the existence of their rivals. meaning: equality of all people 46

47. 47 IV. Personal freedom. There should be a presumption, always and everywhere, against state coercion. We should tolerate eccentricity in others, almost to the point of lunacy, provided no one else is harmed. Meaning: Tolerance for all kinds of people, freedom of expression 47

48. 48 V. Private property. Freedom must include the freedom to buy and sell without fear of confiscation, to transfer ownership, to sign contracts and have them enforced. Britain was quicker than most countries to recognise this and became, in consequence, one of the happiest and most prosperous nations on Earth. Meaning: Tolerance for all kinds of people, freedom of expression

49. 49 VI. Institutions. British freedom and British character are immanent in British institutions. These are not, mostly, statutory bodies, but spring from the way free individuals regulate each other's conduct, and provide for their needs, without recourse to coercion. schools, government, other state-run institutions provide for the people. Meaning: Tolerance for all kinds of people, freedom of expression

50. 50 VII. The family. Civic society depends on values being passed from generation to generation. Stable families are the essential ingredient of a stable society.

51. 51 VIII. History. British children inherit a political culture, a set of specific legal rights and obligations, and a stupendous series of national achievements. They should be taught about these things.

52. 52 IX. The English-speaking world. The atrocities of September 11, 2001, were not simply an attack on a foreign nation; they were an attack on the anglosphere - on all of us who believe in freedom, justice and the rule of law.

53. 53 X. The British character. Shaped by and in turn shaping our national institutions is our character as a people: stubborn, stoical, indignant at injustice. "The Saxon," wrote Kipling, "never means anything seriously till he talks about justice and right."

54. Common people.... The Newspaper “The Guardian” did a survey and interviewed people from all over the country. The question was, “What does Britishness mean to you?” Many interesting comments on values came out of these interviews. In groups of 4, we will read one person’s comments and share the values we found with the class.

55. 55 Conclusions about British Values.... fairness democracy civic responsibility freedom of speech friendliness multiculturalism Respect for authority Politeness 55

56. Next Week, QUIZ We will have a small quiz next week. It will cover these topics: Geography and people of Britain Definition of Culture Cultural Iceberg Educational Philosophy of America; John Dewey’s 2 foundational ideas and 4 characteristics of American education The 5 major periods of British history (BIG IDEAS...don’t need to know everything...but need to know what happened and YEARS) British values (give 3 that you think are important and why)

57. 57 Homework –“The hasty reformer who does not remember his past will find himself condemened to repeat it.” John Buchan –MEANING: If we learn history, we won’t make the same mistakes as the past! –Choose 1 of the 5 eras of British history that we just learned about. –Read more about it. –Write a paragraph telling a lesson that you learned from that period of history. 57