1. Submitted by : yateendra sahu Et&T 7 th B R/N : 3032810123

2. What is network? A network is a collection of computers, printers, routers, switches, and other devices that are able to communicate with each other over some transmission media. In other words network is a physical connection between computing devices established using either cable media or wireless media.

3. Types of network Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)  Local Area Network (LAN) : A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers and network communication devices within a limited geographic area, such as an office building.  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : MAN is defined as a network that connects LAN across a city-wide geographic area. It may be a single network such as cable television network.  Wide Area Network (WAN) : A WAN network that spans large geographical location usually connects multiple LANs. This is generally more expansive technology. Its implementation is more sophisticated than LANs.

4. Network Topologies

5. LAN Transmission Methods Unicast transmission Multicast transmission Broadcast transmission Unicast transmission : In this, a single data packet is sent from a source to a single destination on the network Multicast transmission : In multicast transmissions, a single data packet is copied and sent to specific destinations on the network. Broadcast transmission : In multicast transmissions, a single data packet is copied and sent to specific destinations on the network

6. LAN Infrastructure Devices There are numerous devices associated with data information flow across a LAN. When adjoined, they create the infrastructure of a functional LAN. These devices include: Repeaters Bridges Hubs Switches Routers

7. Repeaters Repeaters, located within the physical layer of a network, regenerate and propagate signals from one to another. They do not change any information being transmitted, and they cannot filter any information. Repeaters help to extend the distances of networks by boosting weak signals. Bridges Bridges are intelligent repeaters. They regenerate transmitted signals, but unlike repeaters, they can also determine destinations. Hubs Hubs connect all computer LAN connections into one device. They are nothing more than multiport repeaters. Hubs cannot determine destinations; they merely transmit to every line attached in a half- duplex mode.

8. Switches Switches connect all computer LAN connections, the same as hubs do. The difference is that switches can run in full-duplex mode and are able to direct and filter information to and from specific destinations. Routers Routers are a step up from bridges. They are able to route and filter information to different networks. Some routers can automatically detect problems and redirect information around the problem area. These are called "intelligent routers."

9. THE OSI MODEL

10. Routing A router is a device that sends packets from one network to another network. Routers receive packets, read their headers to find addressing information, and send them on to their correct destination on the network or Internet. Routers can forward packets through an internetwork by maintaining routing information in a database called a routing table.

11. Static and Dynamic Routing Static o Static routing is a form of routing in which paths between nodes are always used in a pre-defined way. o Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually o Simple to design o Cannot react to network changes automatically Dynamic o Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes o Automatically react to network changes o Analyzes the incoming routing updates

12. Switching A switch is a multiport bridge. It provides the same functionality, but with a higher port density. In addition, switches provide features that cannot be found in bridges. Switches are associated with the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. Switches build a forwarding database in a manner similar to bridges. Switches examine the source and destination Data Link address in each packet to build the database and make forwarding decisions.

13. Reference Www.livinginternet.com CCNA : Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide (Exam 640-802), 6th Edition Wikipedia Ccna study guide, Aaron Balchunas Data Communication and Computer Networking, B.A. Forouzan, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition.

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