2. World History II SOL Review World War II and the Cold War

3. Causes of World War II Page 490-518

4. Causes of World War II Totalitarian Dictators Nationalism Treaty of Versailles Failure of the League of Nations Appeasement U.S. Isolationism and Pacifism

5. Event/Battle DatePurposeOutcome The Invasion of Poland 9/1939Take over Europe and Poland Britain had previously warned Hitler that any aggression towards Poland would not be tolerated. Hitler ignored the threat, invaded Poland successfully, but found itself now at war with Britain and France. The Fall of France 6/1940Conquer France, Western Europe Having either allied itself or conquered many other neighboring countries, Germany looked towards France. Germany won control of France and Hitler had almost all of Europe under his control. Hitler’s next move would be eliminate any threat from Great Britain. Battle of Britain 9/1940Destroy British air power and air industry Bombed day and night, the British people refused to give in to Hitler’s Luftwaffe. Britain won ending a threatened German invasion of Britain. Invasion of the Soviet Union 6/1941Living space and resources Russia wins, aided by a harsh Soviet winter Battles and Events of World War II

6. Event/Battle DatePurposeOutcome Pearl Harbor 12/7/ 1941 Destroy American military power Brings US into the war D-Day (Allied Invasion of Normandy) 6/6/ 1944 Land troops in France to then invade Germany Since Hitler’s German army controlled almost all of Europe, it was difficult to get troops onto the continent. However, led by Dwight E. Eisenhower, the Allies planned and successfully carried out the invasion of Normandy, France. With the Allied victory, they can now fight back and invade Germany. Yalta Conference 2/1945Decide what to do with Europe after WWII M.A.G.I.C. (see M.A.G.I.C slides) Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8/1945Swiftly end the war with Japan In an effort to quickly end the war with Japan and save American lives, President Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs, one each on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrenders. Battles and Events of World War II

7. T The shades of purple show the areas either allied with or occupied/ controlled by the Axis powers. The green areas represent the Allied powers. Now do you understand the significance of the invasion of Normandy?

8. Fall of France Quote by Winston Churchill in reference to the pilots of the Royal Air Force (RAF) who were defending the British people during the Battle of Britain. Attack on Pearl Harbor

9. June 6, 1944: D-Day The Invasion of Normandy Allied soldiers approaching the coast of Normandy The invasion was led by this man, General Dwight D. Eisenhower

11. The Atomic Bomb

12. Important People Roosevelt: American president at the outbreak of the war Eisenhower: American general in charge of D-Day invasion

13. Truman: American President at the end of the war Makes the decision to drop the atomic bomb Churchill: British Prime Minister

14. Stalin: Soviet Dictator

15. Hirohito: Japanese emperor Hitler: Nazi German leader Tojo: Japanese general

16. MacArthur: American general, Philippine campaign and postwar Japan Marshall: American general, top advisor to Roosevelt

17. The Holocaust “Work Will Set you Free”

18. Events leading up to the Holocaust The Holocaust is partially a result of thousands of years of hatred of Jews 1. Totalitarianism + nationalism + industrialization  belief in the Holocaust 2. European legacy of anti-Semitism 3. defeat in World War I and the Great Depression blamed on the Jews 4. Hitler’s belief in the “master” race – Aryan 5. Final Solution – systematic attempt to remove all Jews from the face of the Earth – death camps, gas chambers

19. Genocide: the systematic attempt to eliminate a group of people from the face of the earth The map to the right and the next slide show other examples of genocide

21. Outcomes of World War II Loss of empires by European powers Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United States and the U.S.S.R. War crimes trials Division of Europe: Iron Curtain Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Marshall Plan

22. Outcomes of World War II Loss of empires by European powers Establishment of two major powers in the world:____________ _________________________________ ______________________ Division of Europe: ____________ ___________________________________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________

26. And that’s how the U.S. used M.A.G.I.C. to fix West Gem any and Japan after World War II.

27. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATIONS

28. The United Nations Somewhat like the League of Nations, the United Nations was formed to prevent future wars. The UN has more power than the League of Nations did. And yes, the United States is a member.

29. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Defensive Alliance (1949) –Western Europe –United States, Canada Resist invasion by Soviet Union Collective security – “Attack on one is an attack on all”

30. Warsaw Pact Defensive pact between Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations Response to NATO

31. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Established and adopted by members of the United Nations Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

32. Follow Up Questions 1.What was the Marshall Plan? 2.Who was Douglas MacArthur? Identify at least two things he did. 3.After WWII, the Allies limited the militaries of Japan and Germany. How was the security of these countries guaranteed? 4.How was the treatment of the defeated powers different in WWII than it was in WWI? 5.How was the U.N. different from the League of Nations? 6.Identify the Warsaw Pact and NATO. What are these examples of? Have they caused problems in the past? 7.What is a “ satellite nation ” ? 8.What was the UDHR? Why was it created?

33. THE COLD WAR

34. Beginning of the Cold War (1945 – 1989) Definition – Period of time between 1945 and 1989 or 1991 when the United States and U.S.S.R. faced off in a clash of two different ideologies. Intense competition for control of the world

35. Cold War (1945 – 1989) United States represented – democracy – free market economic system – individual freedoms Union of Soviet Socialist Republics –totalitarian government –communist (socialist) economic system –no freedoms

36. Yalta – February 1945 Big Three – Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.), Joseph Stalin (U.S.S.R.), and Winston Churchill (G.B.) met to discuss the future of post- war Europe

37. The Big Three

38. Post War Germany Big Three agree to divide Germany into four sections -- British -- American -- Russian -- French

39. Post War Germany Original plan to unite all four zones –One nation –Berlin capital Russians refuse Uh-oh…

40. West Germany Britain, France, and the United States unite their zones Western zones –Resume self- government –Liberal democracy –Pro-United States –Capitalist East Germany Russian dominated zone Eastern zones -- Puppet regime controlled by the U.S.S.R. – satellites -- Communist/totalitarian government -- Pro-Soviet -- Communist/command economy

41. Berlin Located in East Germany Former capital also divided among four allied powers Located in Russian zone –West Berlin capital of West Germany –East Berlin Capital of East Germany

42. Eastern and Central Europe Stalin promised “free” elections in Eastern and Central Europe at Yalta in 1945 Post-War – Occupied by Soviet Union After elections all become communist –Satellite Nations Puppets controlled by Soviet Union –“Iron Curtain” – nicknamed by Winston Churchill in a famous speech

44. Marshall Plan (1947) United States offers financial aid to Europe Eastern Europe refuses (why?!) Rebuilds Western European economies –Stop spread of communism through “friendship” (how?!) What does this cartoon mean? Marshall=MONEY

45. Recipients: Marshall Plan 1.Who gets most of the money? 2.Why do those countries receive money? 3.What countries do not receive money? 4.Why?

46. COLD WAR CONFLICTS

47. Truman Doctrine (1947) Containment of Communism –Goal is to resist spread not roll back communism –Aid to Greece and Turkey Harry S. TrumanJosef Stalin

48. Space Race U.S. Government goes crazy due to the successful launch of… Soviet Union –Sputnik –First satellite

49. Berlin Wall (1961)

50. Separates Soviet East Berlin from Western Zone Attempt to prevent flight of East Germans to West Symbol of Cold War

51. Construction of Berlin wall, 1961

52. Berlin Wall

54. “Checkpoint Charlie” – gateway between East and West Berlin

55. Nuclear Threat Soviet Union and the United States matched nuclear weaponry during the 1950s Threat of nuclear war ever present U.S.S.R. uses espionage to quickly copy U.S. nuclear power

56. Nuclear Threat President Eisenhower adopted a policy of “massive retaliation” to deter any nuclear strike by the Soviets. Theory of Deterrence

57. Increases threat of nuclear war

58. Cold War Conflict: Cuba Khrushchev and Kennedy, 1962 13 Days

59. Cuba (1950s) In the 1950’s, a U.S.-led dictator was in charge of Cuba Fidel Castro led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the 1950s –Many Cubans fled U.S. wants control of Cuba back Why?

60. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 To get back at the U.S. and to gain financial support, Fidel Castro allies with the Soviet Union Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba U.S. spy planes catch the Soviets in the act

61. Cuban Missile Crisis

62. President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles –Brinkmanship – go right to the edge of nuclear war, but do not go over it –for 13 days the world was on the brink of nuclear war –quarantine of Cuba (blockade) –Khrushchev backs down – nuclear war averted –Closest U.S. and U.S.S.R. ever came to nuclear conflict!

63. Fighting Communists in… China Korea Vietnam Communists, Nationalists, and Revolutions in China: Crash Course Reading and questions Momma said knock you out

64. Conflicts and Revolution in China: Must Knows Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist China (island of Taiwan) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Communist China-Mainland China Continuing conflict between the two Chinas Communist China’s participation in Korean War Details… Mao Zedong

65. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) Nationalists – Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) Communists – Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung) MOLE! Mao! VS!

66. Chinese Civil War (1945-49) After World War II, Nationalists vs. Communists Communists WIN!!! – Mao Zedong takes over mainland China Nationalists LOSE!!! – Chiang Kai-Shek forced to move to Taiwan

67. Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) Nationalists – Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) LOSER!!! Communists – Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung) WINNER!!! MOLE! Mao! VS!

68. United States – Chinese Relations (1940s- 1950s) During WWII, U.S. allies with China (led by Chiang Kai-Shek) to defeat Japan. So…during the Chinese Civil War, U.S. backs Nationalists and Chiang Kai-Shek (Why?) After the Chinese Civil War, U.S. supports Taiwan (Nationalists!), and promises protection from an invasion by Communist China Communist China and Democratic Taiwan hate each other to this day, and U.S. is in the middle!

69. U.S. – Chinese Relations (1980s-present) Deng Xiaoping Four Modernizations – transformed Chinese economy Poor agricultural communism  some capitalist industry Ex. Some private businesses, but majority of business are controlled by the gov’t Effects: China’s market economy leads to rapid economic growth Effects: Still no political freedoms due to totalitarian/communist control Deng Xiaoping – held out the carrot that has led Western business into China!

70. Cold War (1945 – 1989) Anti-Communist strategy of containment in Asia led to America’s involvement in two war Korean WarVietnam War Key Terms Communist invasion 38 th Parallel Douglas MacArthur Stalemate Key Terms Containment Domino Theory Ho Chi Minh

71. Korean War (1950-1953) American involvement in Korea reflected the policy of containment Post-World War II - 38 th parallel divided peninsula –communist North –democratic South

72. Korean War (1950 – 1953) June 25, 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea United Nations calls for member nations to help South Korea

73. Korean War (1950 – 1953) United States and United Nations forces under General MacArthur push invaders towards the Chinese border China enters war on side of North Korea War ends in a stalemate at the 38 th parallel North Korea (communist) still divided from South Korea (democratic) today! Cool History Fact: U.S. military desegregated during the Korean War – first in U.S. history!

74. VIETNAM WAR

75. Vietnam: Must Knows Role of French Imperialism Leadership of Ho Chi Minh Vietnam as a divided Nation Influence of the policy of containment The United States and the Vietnam War Vietnam as a reunited communist country today Details…

76. Vietnam War French Imperialism in Southeast Asia leads to: –Nationalist independence movements –Ho Chi Minh – communist leader of the Vietnamese nationalists against the French Vietminh League Seek independence following WWII NOTE: The SOL Test may not ask you about all the specific details given in the next few slides, but they help students to gain a better understanding of the Vietnam War.

77. Vietnam War United States gives aid to French fighting the communists Why?

78. Vietnam War Domino Theory – U.S. theory developed as a result of containment – if one country falls to communism, then the surrounding countries will also become communist (fall over like dominoes)

79. Vietnam Civil War –Ho Chi Minh leads Vietminh to huge victory over France –Vietnam divided into North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (democrat?) –United States takes over helping South Vietnam due to domino theory – President Kennedy in the early 1960s

80. South Vietnamese government seen as corrupt and unpopular Diem – South Vietnamese leader – really a brutal dictator Still receives U.S. support Vietnam War Self-immolation as protest

81. President Nixon President Nixon was elected on a pledge to bring the war to an honorable end Vietnamization (1975) –Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. troops –replace them with South Vietnamese forces using American equipment –Sound familiar?

82. South Vietnam Falls (1975) South Vietnamese troops proved unable to resist invasion by the Soviet supplied North Vietnamese army

83. ENDING THE COLD WAR Internal and external pressures caused the collapse of the Soviet Union

84. Internal Rising Nationalism in Soviet Republics Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) Break up of Soviet Union (1991) NATO Expansion Internal Economic inefficiency  Economic collapse Collapse of the U.S.S.R. End of Cold War

85. Collapse of Soviet Union – internal 1. Rising nationalism in Soviet Republics Warsaw Pact Poland – Solidarity movement Hungary

86. Collapse of Soviet Union – internal 2. Fast-paced reforms – (market economy) Economic inefficiency  economic collapse

87. Collapse of Soviet Union – internal Increasing Soviet military expenses to compete with the United States

88. Collapse of Soviet Union – internal President Gorbachev – last president of the U.S.S.R. Tried to stop the Soviet collapse by using Western ideas –“glasnost” Openness More personal freedoms –“perestroika” economic restructuring Some forms of capitalism allowed in the U.S.S.R. Birthmark on forehead = can tell who he is

89. Ronald Reagan Mikhail Gorbachev Ronald Reagan and the U.S. pressured Gorbachev to make decisions The Soviet economy is collapsing – communist totalitarianism not working as economic system Last president of U.S.S.R. – tried to stop collapse Glasnost = “openness” More freedoms Perestroika = “economic restructuring” More capitalism Cold War – wants to stop the Soviet Union Evil Empire “Mr. Gorbachev – tear down this wall.” Wall probably going to come down anyway Increased U.S. military spending

90. Collapse of Soviet Union – internal 3. break up in 1991!

91. Collapse of the Soviet Union 4. Leads to an expansion in the number of countries in NATO Area in light blue, NATO countries in Europe today

92. NATO

93. President Reagan Ronald Reagan Challenged moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”

94. Fall of Berlin Wall (1989) 5. Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989

95. Fall of Berlin Wall

96. President Reagan Increased U.S. military pressure on the Soviet Union

97. President Reagan Increased U.S. economic pressure on the Soviet Union

98. Margaret Thatcher British prime minister in the 1980s – friend of Reagan, anti-U.S.S.R. Free trade Less gov’t regulation Military buildup Close personal ties/political conservative with Reagan and U.S. Cold War – wants to end it as soon as possible!

99. Cold War Timeline

100. End of the Cold War Superpowers 1945 - 1989 Sole Superpower 1989 - ?

101. YOU!!! Are an SOL Power