1. Volcanoes Effect on Earth

2. An Explosive Impact Flows and Fallout Characteristics ◦ Can flow like an avalanche ◦ Can mix with water to form mudslides ◦ Knock down trees and buildings ◦ Dam up river valleys

3. Climate Changes Volcanic ash and sulfuric gases reach atmosphere Blocks out Sunlight Lower atmospheric temperature leads to wet mild summers and long cold winters

4. Types of Volcanoes Shield Cinder Cone Composite or Stratovolcano

5. Shield Nonexplosive Built by layers of low silica lava Runny lava layers spread out over great distance Gradual sides with a wide base, not very steep

8. Cinder Cone Moderately explosive eruptions Small cones made of pyroclastic material Steeper slopes with narrow base Erodes quickly ◦ Pyroclastic material is not cemented together with lava

11. Composite or Stratovolcano Formed by explosive eruptions followed by non-explosive outpourings of lava Combination leaves alternating layers of pyroclastic material and lava Broad, wide bases and sides Steep towards the top

14. Craters and Caldera Crater ◦ Top of the central vent, funnel shaped pit Funnel shape due to: ◦ Explosions ◦ Material erupting out of vent ◦ Collapse of material from rim back into vent Caldera ◦ Magma chamber empties and roof collapses causing ground to sink

15. Volcanic Formations Lava Plateau ◦ Massive outpouring of lava ◦ Erupts from long cracks called fissures ◦ Non-explosive type of eruption Geyser ◦ Hot water and steam that erupts from ground Batholith ◦ Mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cooled in the Earth Volcanic Neck ◦ Magma hardens in central pipe of volcano