1. Bleeding and Wounds

2. External Bleeding (1 of 2) Three types –Capillary (oozing) –Venous (flowing) –Arterial (spurting)

3. External Bleeding (2 of 2) Open wounds –Abrasion –Laceration –Incision –Puncture –Avulsion –Amputation

4. Care for Minor External Bleeding Wash with soap and water. Flush with water. Apply antibiotic ointment. Cover wound. Seek medical care for wounds with high likelihood of infection.

5. Care for Serious External Bleeding (1 of 2) Wear gloves if available. Expose wound. Cover with clean cloth or gauze. Apply direct pressure.

6. Care for Serious External Bleeding (2 of 2) Apply a pressure bandage. DO NOT remove any blood-soaked dressings.

7. Wound Infection Signs of infection — Swelling — Reddening — Warmth — Throbbing — Pus discharge Seek medical care for infected wounds. Get tetanus booster shot every 10 years.

8. Care for Amputations Control bleeding. Care for shock. Recover amputated part. Keep clean, dry, cool. Transport the part with the victim.

9. Care for Impaled Objects Expose area. Do NOT remove the object. Control bleeding around the object. Stabilize the object. © E. M. Singletary, M.D. Used with permission.

10. Wounds That Require Medical Attention Arterial bleeding Uncontrolled bleeding Deep wounds Large or deeply embedded objects Human or animal bite Possibility of noticeable scar Cut eyelid Serious internal bleeding Uncertain how to treat Requires a tetanus shot

11. Internal Bleeding Skin is not broken and blood is not seen. Recognizing internal bleeding –Bruising –Painful, tender area –Vomiting or coughing up blood –Black or bright red stool

12. Care for Minor Internal Bleeding Bruised arm or leg –Apply ice for 20 minutes. –Apply compression for 2 hours. –Elevate if there is no fracture.

13. Care for Serious Internal Bleeding Call 9-1-1. Care for shock. If vomiting occurs, roll victim onto his or her side.

14. Dressings and Bandages Dressings Bandages

15. Dressings Functions –Absorb blood –Prevent infection –Protect the wound Types –Gauze pads –Adhesive strips –Trauma dressings –Improvised dressings

16. Bandages Functions –Hold dressing in place –Apply pressure to control bleeding –Prevent or reduce swelling –Support and stabilize an extremity or joint Types –Gauze roller bandages –Elastic roller bandages –Triangular bandages

17. Shock

18. Circulatory system failure –Pump (heart) failure –Fluid loss –Pipe failure (blood vessels) Results from serious injury or illness

19. Recognizing Shock Altered mental status Pale, cold, and clammy skin Nausea and vomiting Rapid breathing Unresponsive in late stages

20. Care for Shock Position victim on his or her back. Keep warm. Call 9-1-1.

21. Anaphylaxis Type of shock Powerful reaction to substances that enter the body Causes –Medications –Foods –Insect stings –Plants

22. Recognizing Anaphylaxis Breathing difficulty Skin reaction Swelling of tongue, mouth, or throat Sneezing, coughing Tightness in chest Blueness around lips and mouth Dizziness Nausea and vomiting

23. Care for Anaphylaxis Call 9-1-1. If victim has his or her own EpiPen auto- injector, help with its use.

24. Using an EpiPen Auto Injector Remove safety cap. Hold leg still. Push firmly and hold for 10 seconds.

25. Burns

26. Types of Burns Thermal (heat) burns Chemical burns Electrical burns © Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.

27. Depth of Burns Depth (degree) –First-degree (superficial) –Second-degree (partial thickness) –Third-degree (full thickness)

28. First-Degree Burns (Superficial) Redness Mild swelling Tenderness Pain © Amy Walters/ShutterStock, Inc.

29. Second-Degree Burns (Partial Thickness) Blisters Swelling Weeping fluids Intense pain © E. M. Singletary, M.D. Used with permission.

30. Third-Degree Burns (Full Thickness) Dead nerve endings Leathery, waxy skin Pearly gray or charred skin

31. Extent of Burns Rule of the hand –Victim’s hand equals 1% of body surface area. Which parts of body are burned? Other injuries or medical conditions? Is patient elderly or very young?

32. Care for First-Degree Burns Cool burn until pain free. Apply moisturizer such as aloe vera gel. Administer OTC pain reliever as needed (eg, ibuprofen).

33. Care for Small Second- Degree Burns Cool burn until pain free. Apply antibiotic ointment. Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing. Administer OTC pain reliever as needed (eg, ibuprofen). Seek medical care.

34. Care for Large Second-Degree and Third-Degree Burns Remove jewelry and clothing not stuck to burn. Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing. Care for shock. Call 9-1-1.

35. Chemical Burns Results from caustic or corrosive substance –Acids, alkalis, and organic compounds Chemicals continue to burn as long as they are in contact with the skin; remove quickly.

36. Care for Chemical Burns Brush/flush skin to remove chemical. Remove contaminated clothing. Cover burn with dressing. Seek medical care.

37. Electrical Burns Thermal burn (flame) Arc burn (flash) True electrical injury (contact) © Chuck Stewart, MD

38. Care for Electrical Burns Make the scene safe. –Unplug, disconnect, and turn off electricity. Check responsiveness and breathing. Provide CPR if needed. Care for shock. Call 9-1-1.

39. Head and Spinal Injuries

40. Head Injuries Scalp wounds Skull fracture Brain injuries © Joe Gough/ShutterStock, Inc.

41. Scalp Wounds Care for scalp wounds –Control bleeding. –Keep head and shoulders slightly elevated if spinal injury is not suspected. –Seek medical care.

42. Skull Fracture Recognizing a skull fracture –Pain at point of injury –Break or deformity –Loss of consciousness –Drainage from ears and nose –Heavy scalp bleeding –Penetrating wound

43. Care for Skull Fracture Check responsiveness and breathing. Apply sterile dressing. Apply pressure around edges of the wound. Stabilize head and neck. Call 9-1-1.

44. Brain Injuries Recognizing brain injury –Vacant stare –Slow to answer questions –Unaware of time and place –Slurred speech –Stumbling –Loss of responsiveness –Headache, dizziness, and nausea

45. Care for Brain Injuries Check responsiveness and breathing. Stabilize head and neck. Control bleeding with sterile dressing. –Apply pressure around edges of the wound if there is skull fracture. Call 9-1-1.

46. Eye Injuries Foreign objects in eye Penetrating eye injuries Blows to the eye Eye avulsion Cuts of the eye or lid Chemicals in eye Eye burns from light

47. Care for Loose Foreign Objects in Eye (1 of 2) Lift upper lid over lower lid. Hold eyelid open and gently rinse. Pull lower lid down. Remove object with moistened, sterile gauze.

48. Care for Loose Foreign Objects in Eye (2 of 2) Roll upper lid upward over cotton swab. Remove object with moistened, sterile gauze.

49. Care for Penetrating Eye Injuries Stabilize the object. Ask victim to close unaffected eye. Call 9-1-1.

50. Care for Blows to the Eye Apply ice for about 15 minutes. Seek medical care if vision is affected.

51. Care for Eye Avulsion (Eye Knocked Out) Cover the eye loosely. Protect injured eye with a paper cup. Have victim close the uninjured eye. Call 9-1-1.

52. Care for Cuts of the Eye or Lid If eyeball is cut, do not apply pressure. If eyelid is cut, apply gentle pressure. Have victim close unaffected eye. Call 9-1-1.

53. Chemicals in the Eye Flush with water for 20 minutes. Loosely bandage with wet dressings. Call 9-1-1.

54. Care for Eye Burns from Light Cover eyes with wet dressings and cold packs. Do not rub eyes. Seek medical care.

55. Nose Injuries Nosebleeds Broken nose

56. Care for Nosebleeds Sit and lean the victim slightly forward. Pinch nose for 5– 10 minutes. Seek medical care if bleeding cannot be controlled.

57. Broken Nose Recognizing a broken nose –Pain, swelling, crooked –Bleeding and difficulty breathing through nostrils –Black eyes

58. Care for a Broken Nose If bleeding, give care as for a nosebleed. Apply ice pack to nose for 15 minutes. Do NOT try to straighten a crooked nose. Seek medical care.

59. Mouth Injuries Bitten lip or tongue Knocked-out tooth Broken tooth

60. Bitten Lip or Tongue Apply direct pressure. Apply ice or cold pack. If bleeding does not stop, seek medical care.

61. Knocked-Out Tooth Place gauze in socket. Save tooth and seek dental or medical care immediately. Keep tooth moist. –Saliva, milk, saltwater

62. Broken Tooth Rinse the mouth with warm water. Apply a cold pack to cheek. Contact a dentist.

63. Spinal Injuries Common causes –Motor vehicle crashes –Direct blows –Falls from heights –Physical assaults –Sports injuries

64. Recognizing Spinal Injuries Inability to move limbs Numbness, tingling, weakness, burning sensation in arms and legs Deformity of neck Neck or back pain

65. Care for Spinal Injuries Stabilize head and neck. Check responsiveness and breathing, and provide care if needed. –If vomiting occurs, carefully roll the victim onto his or her side. Call 9-1-1.

66. Chest and Abdominal Injuries

67. Chest Injuries Rib fractures Impaled objects Sucking chest wound

68. Rib Fractures Recognizing rib fractures –Sharp pain, especially when victim breaths, coughs, or moves –Shallow breathing –Victim holds injured area

69. Care for Rib Fractures Help victim find a comfortable position for breathing. Stabilize the injured area. Call 9-1-1.

70. Impaled Objects Recognizing an embedded (impaled) object –Object stuck in chest

71. Care for Embedded (Impaled) Objects Stabilize the object in place. Call 9-1-1.

72. Sucking Chest Wound Recognizing a sucking chest wound –Blood bubbling out of chest wound –Sound of air being sucked in and out of chest wound.

73. Care for a Sucking Chest Wound Seal open wound with plastic or aluminum foil. Tape on three sides. If victim has difficulty breathing, remove cover to let air escape, and reapply. Lay victim on injured side. Call 9-1-1.

74. Abdominal Injuries Closed abdominal injuries –Direct blow Open abdominal injuries –Penetrating wounds –Impaled objects –Protruding organs

75. Closed Abdominal Injuries Recognizing a closed abdominal injury –Bruising, pain, tenderness, rigidity Care of a closed abdominal injury –Place the victim in a comfortable position, often on back with knees bent. –Care for shock. –Call 9-1-1.

76. Protruding Organs Recognizing a protruding organ –Internal organs escape from wound

77. Care of Protruding Organs Place in a position of comfort, often on back with knees bent. –Cover with a moist, sterile dressing or plastic wrap. –Care for shock. –Call 9-1-1.

78. Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries

79. Bone Injuries A. Closed fracture B. Open fracture

80. Recognizing Bone Injuries Use DOTS –Deformity –Open wounds –Tenderness –Swelling © E. M. Singletary, M. D. Used with permission.

81. Care for Bone Injuries Stabilize injured part to prevent movement. –Hold injured part. –Splint if EMS is going to be delayed or you are transporting victim. Cover any exposed bones without applying pressure. Apply ice to prevent swelling. Call 9-1-1 for any open or large bone fractures.

82. Splinting Stabilizes a bone or joint injury Reduces pain Prevents further damage to muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

83. Types of Splints Rigid splint Self-splint (anatomic splint) Soft splint

84. General Splinting Guidelines Cover open wounds before applying splint. Splint only if it will not cause further pain. Splint the injured part in the position found. Splint should extend beyond joints above and below any extremity injury.

85. Joint Injuries Sprain –Torn ligaments Dislocation –Bone ends in a joint are no longer together

86. Recognizing Joint Injuries Pain, swelling, inability to use Similar to fractures Main sign of dislocation is deformity.

87. Care for Joint Injuries For dislocations, splint and provide care as you would for fracture. For sprains, use RICE procedure. Seek medical care. –Call 9-1-1 for difficult-to-transport injuries.

88. RICE Procedure R = Rest I = Ice C = Compression E = Elevation © Berta A. Daniels, 2010

89. Recognizing Muscle Injuries Muscle strain (pull) –Sharp pain, tenderness, weakness, stiffness Muscle contusion (bruise) –Pain, tenderness, swelling, bruising Muscle cramp (spasm) –Spasms, pain, restriction, or loss of movement

90. Care for Muscle Injuries For muscle strains and contusions –Rest. –Apply ice. For muscle cramps –Stretch muscle. –Apply pressure.

91. Medical Emergencies

92. Changes in Consciousness Responsive (conscious) Unresponsive (unconscious) Not all responsive victims are fully responsive. What to do –If unresponsive and not breathing, perform CPR. –If unresponsive and vomiting, roll victim onto side. –Call 9-1-1.

93. Chest Pain Causes –Heart attack –Respiratory infection –Overexertion resulting in muscle pain

94. Care for a Heart Attack Call 9-1-1. Have victim rest. Help victim take prescribed medication. Give aspirin.

95. Breathing Difficulty Causes –Asthma –Hyperventilation Recognizing breathing difficulty –Breathing is abnormally fast or slow. –Breathing is abnormally deep (gasping) or shallow. –Noisy breathing: wheezing, gurgling, crowing, snoring –Bluish lips –Pause when speaking to catch breath

96. Care for Breathing Difficulty Place in position of comfort. Call 9-1-1. Assist with asthma inhaler if needed. If hyperventilating, have victim inhale, hold breath, then exhale slowly.

97. Fainting Decreased blood flow to the brain Recognizing fainting –Sudden, brief unresponsiveness –Pale skin –Sweating

98. Care for Fainting Check responsiveness and breathing and provide care as needed. Loosen tight clothing. If victim fell, check for injuries. Call 9-1-1 if needed. –Condition does not improve quickly –Repeated fainting episodes –Elderly victim

99. Seizures Causes –Epilepsy –Heatstroke –Poisoning –Electric shock –Hypoglycemia –High fever –Brain injury, tumor, or stroke –Alcohol or other drug withdrawal or abuse

100. Recognizing Seizures Sudden falling Unresponsiveness Rigid body and back arching Jerky muscle movement

101. Care for a Seizure Protect from injury. Loosen restrictive clothing. Roll victim onto his or her side (recovery position). Call 9-1-1 if seizure occurs for an unknown reason.

102. Diabetic Emergencies Diabetes is the inability to use glucose normally due to deficiency in insulin. Hypoglycemia –Low blood glucose Hyperglycemia –High blood glucose

103. Low Blood Glucose Recognizing low blood glucose –Sudden onset –Staggering –Anger –Pale color –Confusion –Sudden hunger –Excessive sweating –Trembling, seizures, unresponsiveness

104. Care for Low Blood Glucose Provide sugar. –Sugar, soda, juice, glucose tablets or gel If no improvement in a few minutes, call 9-1-1.

105. High Blood Glucose Recognizing high blood glucose –Gradual onset –Drowsiness –Extreme thirst –Frequent urination –Warm and dry skin –Vomiting –Fruity, sweet breath odor –Rapid breathing –Unresponsiveness

106. Care for High Blood Glucose If you are unsure whether it is high or low blood glucose, provide same care as you would for low blood glucose. If condition does not improve in 15 minutes, call 9-1-1.

107. Emergencies During Pregnancy Vaginal bleeding Cramps in lower abdomen Swelling of the face or fingers Severe continuous headache Dizziness or fainting Blurring of vision or seeing spots Uncontrollable vomiting

108. Care for Emergencies During Pregnancy Keep victim warm and on her left side. For vaginal bleeding, place sterile pad over opening of vagina. Save blood-soaked pads and send them to hospital with victim. Seek medical care.

109. Poisoning

110. Ingested Poisons Recognizing ingested poisoning –Abdominal pain –Nausea or vomiting –Diarrhea –Burns, stains, odor near or in mouth –Drowsiness or unresponsiveness –Poison containers nearby

111. Care for Ingested Poisons (1 of 2) Determine –Age and size of victim –What was swallowed. –How much was swallowed. –When poison was ingested.

112. Care for Ingested Poisons (2 of 2) Responsive victim –Call poison control center at 800-222-1222. –May advise to dilute, induce vomiting, or absorb poison. Activated charcoal absorbs. Unresponsive victim –Call 9-1-1.

113. Alcohol and Other Drug Emergencies Alcohol intoxication Drug overdose

114. Alcohol Intoxication Recognizing alcohol intoxication –Odor of alcohol –Unsteadiness, staggering –Confusion –Slurred speech –Nausea and vomiting –Flushed face

115. Care for Alcohol Intoxication If responsive, check breathing. Call poison control center. If victim becomes violent, leave and call 9-1-1. If victim is unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR.

116. Drug Overdose Recognizing drug overdose –Drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, or hyperactivity –Change in pupil size –Confusion –Hallucinations Care is the same as for alcohol intoxication.

117. Inhaled Poisoning Recognizing inhaled poisoning –Headache –Breathing difficulty –Chest pain –Nausea and vomiting –Dizziness and visual changes –Unresponsiveness

118. Care for Inhaled Poisoning Remove victim from environment. Call 9-1-1. Check responsiveness and breathing, and provide care as needed. Try to determine the substance involved.

119. Chemical Safety at the Worksite OSHA Hazard Communication Standards (HCS) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

120. Plant Poisoning (1 of 2) Poison ivy Poison oak Poison sumac © Thomas Photography LLC/Alamy Images

121. Plant Poisoning (2 of 2) Recognizing plant poisoning –Rash –Itching –Redness –Blisters –Swelling

122. Care for Plant Poisoning Clean skin with soap and water as soon as possible. For mild reaction: –Lukewarm bath and colloidal oatmeal –Calamine lotion For more serious reaction: –Seek medical care. –Prescribed corticosteroid may be needed.

123. Bites and Stings

124. Animal and Human Bites Consider whether victim was exposed to rabies. –Spread through saliva by bite or lick of infected animal –Animal attacked without provocation. –Animal was behaving strangely. –High-risk species Animal should be captured or confined for observation whenever possible. Report animal bites to police or animal control.

125. Care for Animal and Human Bites Clean wound with soap and water. Flush wound under pressure. Control bleeding and cover wound. Seek medical care for cleaning, tetanus shot, or rabies vaccination.

126. Snake Bites Poisonous species in United States –Rattlesnake –Water moccasin –Coral snake –Copperhead © Amee Cross/ShutterStock, Inc.

127. Recognizing a Pit Viper Bite Severe burning pain Puncture wounds Swelling Discoloration and blood-filled blisters Nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness

128. Care for Venomous Snake Bites (1 of 2) Get victim and others away from snake. Keep victim calm; limit movement. Immobilize the area.

129. Care for Venomous Snake Bites (2 of 2) Wash area with soap and water. If coral snake bite to a limb: –Wrap elastic bandage over the limb. Seek medical care.

130. Care for an Insect Sting Remove any stinger and venom sac. Wash wound with soap and water. Apply ice. Apply hydrocortisone cream or antihistamine. Watch for signs of severe allergic reaction. –Assist with prescribed epinephrine auto- injector. –Call 9-1-1.

131. Spider Bites (1 of 2) Black widow –Sharp pinprick, then dull pain –Two fang marks –Abdominal pain, headache, fever, dizziness, nausea © Crystal Kirk/ShutterStock, Inc.

132. Spider Bites (2 of 2) Brown recluse –Local reaction –Bull’s-eye pattern –Headache, fever, weakness, nausea Courtesy of Kenneth Cramer, Monmouth College

133. Care for All Spider Bites Catch spider for identification if possible. Wash wound with soap and water or rubbing alcohol. Apply ice. Seek medical care.

134. Scorpion Stings Recognizing scorpion sting –Local immediate pain and burning –Numbness and tingling Care for scorpion sting –Wash wound with soap and water or rubbing alcohol. –Apply ice. –Seek medical care. © Kirubeshwaran/ShutterStock, Inc.

135. Care for Tick Bites Remove with tweezers. Wash wound with soap and water or an antiseptic. Apply ice. Seek medical care for rash or other signs of illness.

136. Marine Animal Injuries (1 of 3) Marine animals that bite, rip, and puncture –Shark –Barracuda –Eel Care for bites, rips, or punctures –Control bleeding. –Care for shock. –Call 9-1-1.

137. Marine Animal Injuries (2 of 3) Marine animals that sting –Jellyfish –Portuguese man-of-war Care for stings –Pick off tentacles. –Apply vinegar. –Immerse in hot water. –Seek medical care.

138. Marine Animal Injuries (3 of 3) Marine animals that puncture by spines –Stingray Care for puncture by spines –Immerse in hot water. –Wash wound with soap and water. –Flush area with water. –Seek medical care.

139. Heat and Cold Emergencies

140. Heat-Related Emergencies Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heatstroke © Yobro10/Dreamstime.com

141. Heat Cramps Painful muscle spasms Occurs after physical exertion Care for heat cramps –Stop activity and rest in cool area. –Stretch or massage cramped muscle. –Provide water or commercial sports drink if victim is not nauseated.

142. Heat Exhaustion Heavy perspiration with normal or slightly above normal body temperature Signs of heat exhaustion –Heavy sweating –Severe thirst –Weakness –Headache –Nausea and vomiting

143. Care for Heat Exhaustion Stop activity and rest in cool place. Remove excess or tight clothing. Provide water or commercial sports drink. Have victim lie down. Apply cool packs or wet towels. Seek medical care if condition does not improve.

144. Heatstroke Body temperature becomes extremely high Requires rapid intervention Signs of heatstroke –Hot skin –Dry skin (or may be wet from exertion) –Confusion –Seizures –Unresponsiveness

145. Care for Heatstroke Call 9-1-1. Rapidly cool patient with cool, wet towels, fanning, and cold packs. If unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR.

146. Cold-Related Emergencies Frostbite Hypothermia

147. Frostbite Occurs when temperatures drop below freezing Affects feet, hands, ears, and nose Signs of frostbite –White, waxy skin –Cold and numb –Blistering Courtesy of Neil Malcolm Winkelman

148. Care for Frostbite (1 of 2) Get victim to warm area. Remove any wet/cold clothing or jewelry from affected part. Seek medical care.

149. Care for Frostbite (2 of 2) If more than an hour from medical care: –Warm the part in warm water (100°F) for 20–40 minutes. –If fingers or toes are affected, place dry dressings between these. –Elevate affected limbs and provide pain reliever.

150. Hypothermia Recognizing hypothermia –Body temperature falls and body cannot produce heat –Signs of hypothermia Uncontrollable shivering Confusion, sluggish Cold skin even under clothing

151. Care for Hypothermia Move out of the cold. Prevent heat loss. –Replace wet clothes with dry clothes. –Cover head. Have victim lie down. Give victim warm, sugary beverages if alert. Seek medical care if needed.

152. Rescuing and Moving Victims

153. Water Rescue Reach-throw-row-go –Reach for victim. –Throw anything that floats. –Row by using canoe or other boat. –Go by swimming (last resort).

154. Ice Rescue Extend a pole or throw a line to victim with floatable object. Pull victim toward shore or edge of ice.

155. Electrical Emergency Rescue Indoor electrocutions –Faulty electrical equipment or careless use of electrical appliances –Turn off power at circuit breaker, fuse box, or outside switch box before touching the victim. High-voltage power lines –Power must be turned off. –Wait for trained personnel with proper equipment.

156. Hazardous Materials Incidents Signs of hazardous materials –Signs on vehicle –Spilled liquids or solids –Strong, unusual odors –Clouds of vapor Stay away and upwind. Wait for trained personnel to arrive.

157. Motor Vehicle Crashes Park in a safe area and call 9-1-1. Turn on emergency hazard flashers. Raise hood of vehicle. Make sure scene is safe. Turn off ignitions of all involved vehicles. Place flares or reflectors. If you suspect spinal injuries, stabilize head and neck. Check and care for life-threatening injuries first.

158. Fires Get all people out of the area quickly. Call 9-1-1. Use a fire extinguisher if the fire is small.

159. Confined Space (1 of 2) Any area not intended for human occupancy Dangerous atmosphere (low oxygen levels) Requires special training and equipment to perform rescue.

160. Confined Space (2 of 2) For confined space emergencies –Call 9-1-1. –Only enter if you have proper training and equipment. –Check motionless victims first. –Once victim is removed, provide care.

161. Triage Classify into care and transportation priorities. Triage categories –Immediate care –Delayed care –Walking wounded –Dead

162. Moving Victims Only move victim if there is immediate danger. –Fire –Hazardous materials –Impossible to protect from hazards –Impossible to access other victims who need lifesaving care Protect victim’s spine. Drag in direction of the long axis of the body.

163. Emergency Moves (1 of 3) Drags –Shoulder drag –Ankle drag –Blanket pull

164. Emergency Moves (2 of 3) One-person moves –Human crutch –Cradle carry –Fire fighter’s carry –Pack-strap carry –Piggyback carry

165. Emergency Moves (3 of 3) Two-person or three-person moves –Two-person assist –Two-handed seat carry –Extremity carry

166. Nonemergency Moves All injured parts should be stabilized before moving.