1. Chapters 2 & 3 Exam Review By: Mr. Mora 1

2. Overpopulation is not as much an issue of the population of the world but instead, the relationship between number of people on the earth and available resources. Locally, geographers find that overpopulation is currently a threat in some regions of the world but not in others. It depends on each regions balance between population and resources. Overpopulation- when the available resources cannot support the number of people 2

3. East Asia - China The largest cluster of inhabitants is in East Asia. 20% of the world’s people live in this region. 83% of the people in this region live in China  China is the most populous country in the world. 3

4. South Asia The 2nd-largest concentration of people, roughly 20% of the worlds population, is in South Asia. India is the world’s 2 nd most populous country and it contains more than 75% of the South Asia population concentration. 4

5. Europe Combining the populations of Western & Eastern Europe and the European Russia forms the world’s 3rd-largest population cluster. 11% of the world’s people live in this region. 75% of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities. Interestingly, they import food and other resources. 5

6. Southeast Asia 6 The world’s 4th-largest population cluster, after Europe, is in Southeast Asia, mostly on a series of islands at 647 million people. Indonesia, which consists of 13,677 islands, is the world’s fourth most populous country.

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9. Physiological Density Fig. 2-5: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society. 9

10. Physiological Density PD measures the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food. It divides the number of people into sq kilometers of arable land, land that is suited for agriculture. So even though Egypt is comparatively sparsely populated, with an arithmetic density of 74, its physiological density is more than 3500! Since so much of Egypt is desert, its people put a great deal of pressure on the arable land, giving the country a very high physiological density. 10

11. Arithmetic Population Density Arithmetic Density (crude), or the total number of people divided by total land area For example, the US has about 319 million people and about 9 million square kilometers of land space. As A result, the US has an arithmetic density of 35 people per sq kilometer (319million/9 million). (34-35 2012-2014) We may compare the AD of individual countries in order to get an idea about how population is distributed. 11

12. Annual Global Population Growth Around 8000 B.C. (i.e. 10,000 years ago), there was a burst of population growth, caused by the agricultural revolution (i.e. when humans learned to domesticate animals and plants and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering). 12

13. The Worldwide population increased rapidly during the second half of the twentieth century. The four- stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The 1 st break—the sudden drop in the death rate—has been accomplished everywhere. The 2 nd break—the sudden drop in the birth rate—has yet to be achieved in many countries. The 19 th century decline in the CDR (crude death rate) in Europe and North America took place in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution. 13

14. In contrast, the sudden drop in the CDR in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 20 th century was accomplished by different means and with less internal effort by local citizens. Medical technology was injected from Europe and North America instead of arising within the country as part of an economic revolution. In the past, stage 2 lasted for approximately 100 years in Europe and North America, but today’s stage 2 countries are being asked to move through to stage 3 in much less time in order to curtail population growth. 14

15. Geographers measure population change through three measures: – Crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people. – Crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people. Population Basics 15

16. Total Fertility Rates The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East. 16

17. – Natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. The term natural means that a country’s growth rate excludes migration. The term crude means that we are concerned with society as a whole rather than a refined look at particular individuals or groups. Population Basics 17

18. The number of people added each year has dropped at a slower rate than the NIR, because the population base is much higher now than in the past. The rate of natural increase affects the doubling time, which is the number of years needed to double a population. When the NIR was 2.2 percent back in 1963, doubling time was 35 years. Natural Increase Stats 18

19. Infant Mortality Rates The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia. 19

20. Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries. 20

21. Where These Rates Are Highest Higher rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, and infant mortality, and lower life expectancy are in Less Developed Countries. 21

22. Dependency Rate Dependency Rate: The percentage of people who are too young or too old to work in a society. 22

23. Fig. 2-19: Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children. 23

24. Denmark vs. Great Britain Both in Stage 4…slow growth 24

25. What would explain this? Retirement communities Naples, Florida 25

26. Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the second half of the twentieth century. 26

27. Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.  AIDS most lethal epidemic in recent years 27

28. Migration and Circulation Migration is a form of mobility, which is a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another. Migration is a permanent move to a new location. Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually, are called circulation. 28

29. Twentieth Century Instability – In the twentieth century, forced international migration increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity. Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. 29

30. Push/Pull Factors People decide to migrate because of push factors and pull factors. – A push factor induces people to move out of their present location – A pull factor induces people to move into a new location. Both push and pull factors typically play a role in human migration. Example of Pull factor: opening of industrial park, or, factory, etc. 30

31. Three Types of Push-Pull 1. Economic Push and Pull Factors – Most people migrate for economic reasons (such as immigrants who come to the United States). – The relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. 31

32. Intervening Obstacles – Where migrants go is not always their desired destination. – They may be blocked by an intervening obstacle. In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental... like mountains and deserts. Bodies of water long have been important intervening obstacles. However, today’s migrant faces intervening obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics. 32

33. Forced Consolidation of Farms In 1800s, in order to promote more efficient agriculture, some European governments forced the consolidation of several small farms into larger units. People were forced to move to urban areas to work in factories, or, move to the United States where farmland was more plentiful 33

34. First Peak of European Immigration From 1607 until 1840, a steady stream of Europeans (totaling 2 million) migrated to the American colonies. 90% of European immigrants prior to 1840 came from Great Britain. (North America most popular destination for voluntary migrants from Great Britain) During the 1840s and 1850s, the level of immigrants surged to more than 4 million people, more than twice as many as in the previous 250 years More than 90 % of all U.S. immigrants during the 1840s and 1850s came from Northern and Western Europe – 2/5 from Ireland and Germany 34

35. Brain Drain Other countries charge that by giving preference to skilled workers, U.S. immigration policy now contributes to a brain drain, which is a large-scale emigration by talented people. The average immigrant has received more education than the typical American: nearly one- fourth of all legal immigrants to the United States have attended graduate school, compared to less than one-tenth of native- born Americans. 35

36. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act tried to reduce the flow of illegal immigrants. Aliens who could prove that they had lived in the United States continuously between 1982 and 1987 could become permanent resident aliens and apply for U.S. citizenship after 5 years. At the same time, the law discouraged further illegal immigration by making it harder for recent immigrants to get jobs without proper documentation. 36

37. Migration Inside the US In the United States, interregional migration was more prevalent in the past, when most people were farmers. The most famous example of large-scale internal migration is the opening of the American West. 37

38. Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt. 38

39. International vs. Interregional Migration – International migration is permanent movement from one country to another, whereas internal migration is permanent movement within the same country. – International migrants are much less numerous than internal migrants. – Interregional migration is movement from one region of a country to another, while intraregional migration is movement within one region. – The most prominent type of intraregional migration in the world is from rural to urban. 39

40. Interregional Migration of African Americans Since most lived in the South over a century ago, a large portion have migrated to the North in the 20 th Century. Jobs were most plentiful in the large cities of Northeast, Midwest, and West, hence, they were pulled by the economic factor 40

41. Intraregional Migration in U.S. In MDCs, such as the U.S., most intraregional migration is from central cities out to the suburbs (i.e. suburbanization). People pulled by suburban lifestyle, not so much economic. 41

42. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants. 42

43. Refugees Remember, the United States has received most refugees from the following countries over the years: – Cuba – Haiti – Vietnam – China 43

44. Guest Workers in Europe Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe. 44

45. Population, Migration and Brazil Most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near the Atlantic Coast. To increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1960 from Rio to a newly built city called Brasilia. 45

46. Migration within India Indians require a permit to migrate—or even to visit—the State of Assam. The restrictions, which date from the British colonial era, are designed to protect the ethnic identity of Assamese. Because Assam is situated on the border with Bangladesh, the restrictions also limit international migration. 46

47. Migration from Metropolitan to Non- metropolitan Areas During the late twentieth century, the more developed countries of North America and Western Europe witnessed a new trend. – More people in these regions immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them. Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counter-urbanization. – Most counter-urbanization represents genuine migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities. – Like suburbanization, people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons. – Many migrants from urban to rural areas are retired people. – Counter-urbanization has stopped in the United States because of poor economic conditions in some rural areas. Future migration trends are unpredictable in more developed countries, because future economic conditions are difficult to forecast. 47

48. QUESTIONS? 48