1. THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES Chapter 5

2. A. Most _____________ are polymers –1.____________ consist of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds. –2.The repeated units are called ___________. I._________

3. B.______________ reactions build polymers. –1.Monomers are connected by covalent bonds via a _____________ reaction or dehydration reaction.(remove H 2 O, put together) –One monomer provides a hydroxyl group and the other provides a hydrogen and together these form water. –This process requires energy and is aided by enzymes.

4. 2. Polymers are disassembled by ___________.(add H 2 O, break apart) –In __________ as the covalent bond is broken a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group from a split water molecule attaches where the covalent bond used to be. –___________ reactions dominate the digestive process, guided by specific enzymes. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. 1.The molecular model of life is simple: Small molecules common to all organisms are arranged into unique macromolecules. MonomersPolymers Single Sugars (monosaccharides)Carbohydrates Fatty Acids & GlycerolLipids Amino AcidsProteins NucleotidesNucleic Acids C. Many polymers can be built from a small set of _________

6. II. ____________ A. _________ are divided into three classes: –Monosaccharides (“mono”=______) –Disaccharides (“di”=______) –Polysaccharides (”poly”=______)

7. B. Functions of Monosaccharides 1. immediate ______ storage 2.building blocks for other molecules such as ____, ____, & ____.

8. C. Functions of Disaccharides 1. _______ sugars such as: Sucrose in plants. Lactose in mammals. 2. Short term ________ storage.

9. D. Functions of Polysaccharides 1. _________ –a.Starch in plants. –b.Glycogen in animals. 2. __________ –a.________ in plants. –b.________ in arthropods and fungi.

10. Structural Polysaccharides ____________ is the major structural polysaccharide in cell walls of plants. –Enzymes that hydrolyze starch are unable to hydrolyze cellulose due to  linkages. –Very few organisms possess the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze cellulose.

11. _________ is another structural polysaccharide. –It is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.). –Many fungi use ________ as cell wall material. _________ is a monomer of glucose with a nitrogen containing group attached to the second carbon atom.

12. III. _______ A. __________ are not polymers. –1. Include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids. –2. ________ are hydrophobic.(water haters!) B. _____ and oils are energy storage molecules. –1. ______ also serve a protective function in animals. C. _______ serve a protective function.(ear,leaf) D. ______ make up all cell membranes. E. _______ are signaling molecules.(hormones)

13. Fats, Oils, and Waxes 1.Fats, oils, and waxes are constructed from molecules of __________ and fatty acids.

14. 2.Fats are solid due to the single bonds between carbons.(________) 3.Oils are liquid due to the presence of double bonds.(___________)

15. _____________ 1. __________ are the major components of cell membranes. –a. two fatty acid tails.(hydrophobic) –b. a phosphate group.(hydrophilic) _________ in water will “self-assemble” into groups so that their hydrophobic parts are shielded from water.

16. _____________ 1. _________ include cholesterol and certain other hormones. –a. _______________ is a structural component of cell membranes. –Cholesterol is the building block from which other steroids are made.

17. IV. __________—The Molecular Tools A. Polymers of amino acids are called __________ or proteins. 1. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific conformation. –2. The amino acids that make up a polypeptide are all identical except for the group that is attached to the central carbon. –3. Depending on what is attached to the central carbon, the amino acid may be polar, non-polar,or electrically charged.

18. Polypeptides are made by _____________ reactions. –Only the carboxyl and amine groups are involved in the reaction.

19. B. Structure of Proteins 1. A proteins shape determines its function. 2. Four levels of protein structure. –a.The ___________ structure is its sequence of amino acids. –b.The ___________ structure is the folding and coiling of parts of the chain. –c.The ________ structure is caused by bonding between the side chains. –d.The _________ structure results from two or more polypeptide chains combining into one protein.

20. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of its __________ acids. What determines the sequence of amino acids?

21. The sequence of the primary structure is so important that a single amino acid _________ causes sickle-cell disease.

22. C. __________ are proteins with tertiary structures. Lysozyme, found in sweat, tears, and saliva, destroys molecules on the surface of many kinds of bacteria.

23. The folding of many proteins is protected by ___________ proteins that shield out outside influences.

24. A protein’s conformation can change in response to the physical and chemical conditions. D. Alterations in ____, __________, or other factors can unravel or _________ a protein. –These forces disrupt the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges that maintain the protein’s shape.

25. V. Nucleic Acids - Informational Polymers

26. 1.There are two types of nucleic acids: __________ acid (RNA) and __________ acid (DNA). DNA carries the instructions for life. RNA reads the message of the DNA and translates it into a protein during protein synthesis. Organisms inherit DNA from their parents. A. _________ ______ store and transmit _______ information

27. B.The flow of ________ information is from DNA -> RNA -> Protein. This is known as the “CENTRAL DOGMA of BIOLOGY” –Protein synthesis occurs in cellular structures called ________.

28. 1. Each __________ consists of three parts: a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. C. A _____ ______ is a polymer of ___________

29. 4.Because of their shapes, only some bases are ____________ to each other. –________ (A) always pairs with _______ (T) and ________ (G) with __________ (C). The two strands are _____________.