1. Outcome: Imperialism in Africa

2. Imperialism: a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining political and economic control over other areas of the world through colonization, military force, or other means.

3. Imperialism helped establish national powers that continue to influence world events. Many current or recent conflicts in Africa and Asia have their roots in this colonial era: Control over natural resources – blood diamonds Apartheid in South Africa Conflict between India and Pakistan Middle East tensions Vietnam War

4. The man is Cecil Rhodes. He is a British entrepreneur, interested in building a railroad connecting Egypt to South Africa. He holds telegraph wire in his hands.

6. Why did European powers claim land in much of Africa during the late 1800s and the early 1900s?

8. “N EW ” I MPERIALISM Settlement of colonies Primary motive - provide governed overseas land where people could live The authoritative governing of foreign lands Primary motive - assert economic dominance over native peoples “Old” Colonization, 16 th -18 th century “New” Imperialism, 19 th -20 th century

10. African Trade [15 th -17 th Century]

11. Pre-19 th c European Trade with Africa

12. Causes of European Imperialism European Nationalism Industrial Revolution Sources for Raw Materials Markets for Finished Goods Military and Naval Bases Places to Dump Unwanted or Excess Population Humanitarian Reasons European Racism Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden Missionary Activity

13. Divide up into groups of 5. Each student will receive a role play card representing a European Nation. Individually students will read through role play cards and answer the questions on the “Getting Started” page After each student is done, the group will work together to divide up Africa.

14. What problems did you face and have to deal with? How did you feel once you had accomplished dividing up Africa? How would that feeling compare to the feelings of European at the time? How would you feel if this was done to your country? Did you even consider the feelings of Africans? Did you think about what groups you were dividing up for putting together into a country?

15. European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

16. E CONOMIC M OTIVES Industrial Revolution created a large demand for raw materials Entrepreneurs developed their own mines and plantations in Africa An African harvesting rubber from a rubber tree. Rubber was one raw material found in Africa.

17. T HE A GE OF I MPERIALISM IN A FRICA a. Prior to European domination, African people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups and continued to follow traditional beliefs b. Some converted to Islam and Christianity c. Due to industrialization, Europeans competed for new markets to buy goods d. Disease and African armies had discouraged European exploration in the past e. Humanitarians, explorers, and missionaries who were against the Atlantic Slave Trade were allowed to travel to the interior f. In the 1860s, David Livingstone, a missionary from Scotland travelled to Africa g. Feared dead, American Henry Stanley found Livingstone in near Lake Tanganyika and his greeting “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” became world famous h. Stanley’s further exploration of the Congo sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium who took control of these lands with treaties and exploited the people

18. K ING L EOPOLD II OF B ELGIUM King of Belgium Personal colony of Congo Profited from the production of rubber In 1908, Belgian Parliament took control of the colony

19. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

20. 8-10 Million Victims! (50% of Population) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

21. P OLITICAL C OMPETITION Britain and France’s rivalry Germany and Italy asserting their status as great European powers Nationalism Belief that colonial possessions increased prestige and respect Map of African colonization by1914

22. C ULTURAL M OTIVES Europeans believed they were the superior race Social Darwinism certain races are “more fit” than others “White Man’s Burden” – Rudyard Kipling educate “inferior” peoples in government, morals, and education Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem “White Man’s Burden,” outlining the agenda for Europeans to educate “inferior peoples.”

23. C ECIL R HODES English businessman Proposed railroad from South Africa to Egypt Advocate of Social Darwinism Confessions of Faith essay “I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.” – Cecil Rhodes

25. S CIENTIFIC A DVANCEMENTS Quinine - protect against malaria Automatic machine gun Telegraph Railroad Steamship

26. S UEZ C ANAL, E GYPT Canal opened in 1869, providing a much faster route to India British occupied Egypt in 1882 to protect their access to the canal

27. B ERLIN C ONFERENCE, G ERMANY European leaders met in Berlin in 1884-’85 to prevent conflicts between Europeans in Africa The Conference set up rules for colonizing Africa European countries had to notify other European countries that it was claiming land in Africa The Conference set up official boundaries for territories with no regard for traditional African borders Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, had his own agenda for calling leaders to his home in Berlin: he wanted Germany to become an imperialist nation.

28. Africa 1890

29. Africa in 1914

32. Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

33. Z ULU R ESISTANCE Under King Shaka, the Zulu conquered neighboring peoples The strong nation resisted colonial rule In 1879, British invaded Zulu lands British suffered a large, initial defeat eventually, the British conquered the Zulus by 1880

34. B ATTLE OF A DWA, 1895-1896 In 1889, King Menelik II of Ethiopia modernized his army In 1895, Italians invaded Ethiopia March 1, 1896, the Ethiopians outnumbered and defeated the Italians By 1914, Ethiopia remained one of two independent regions of Africa Liberia was the other Ethiopians outnumbered Italians 80,000 to 17,700 at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Understandably, the Italians were defeated.

35. S ECOND B OER W AR, 1899-1902 Dutch settlers, known as Boers, refused to be incorporated into the British Empire War between Boers and British fought between 1880 and 1881 In 1899, another war broke out between the Boers and British British imprisoned Boers in concentration camps, more than 20,000 Boers died In 1902, war ended Boers were granted the self- governing colony of South Africa, yet under British control