1. NUECES COUNTY DELINQUENCY RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS KRISTINA M. ZAMBRANO, M.P.A. PHILIP W. RHOADES, Ph.D. November 9, 2004

2. Community Risk Factors for Juvenile Delinquency Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Rebelliousness Transitions and Mobility Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Availability of Firearms Low Neighborhood Attachment Favorable Attitudes toward the Problem Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Availability of Drugs Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Problem Behaviors Family History of High Risk Behavior Media Portrayals of Violence Family Management Problems Family Conflict Extreme Economic Deprivation Parental Attitudes and Involvement in the Problem Behavior Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

3. INTEGRATED CLUSTER OF CAUSES Family Conflict Extreme Economic Deprivation Early Onset Of Problem Behaviors Favorable Parental Attitudes Academic Failure

5. PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

6. Adult Abuse Confirmed Victims Rate Per 1,000 Adults Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

7. Child Abuse Confirmed Victims Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

8. Child Abuse Victims Served at Driscoll Children’s Hospital & Nueces County Children’s Advocacy Center Number of Victims Served Nueces County Children’s Advocacy Center Driscoll Children’s Hospital

9. Children Served by Coastal Bend CASA Number of Children Served Coastal Bend Court Appointed Special Advocates

10. Parental Behavior When Angry (Year 2000) Percent

11. Most Common Types of Abuse by Number of Children in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

12. Abuse by Age in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

13. Abuse by Ethnicity in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

14. Perpetrators of Child Abuse in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Perpetrators Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

15. RECENT USE OF DRUGS BY PUNCHED BY FEMALE GUARDIAN Percent of Recent Drug Use

16. RECENT USE OF DRUGS BY SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION BY PERSON KNOWN WELL Percent of Recent Drug Use

17. Students that Reported Attending School “High” or “Stoned” as Related to Physical Punishment (Year 2000) # of types of physical punishment experienced Percent of Students Attending School High

18. CARRIED GUN OR KNIFE TO SCHOOL BY PUNCHED BY FEMALE GUARDIAN Percent Carrying Weapons to School

19. Percent of Students Truant

21. Percent Reporting C-F Grades

23. Ethnicity and Percent of Students That Reported Sexual Abuse (Year 2000) Ethnicity

24. Runaway Reports Number of Reports Nueces County Juvenile Probation

25. Number of Children in Foster Care Number of Children Texas Dept. of Family and Protective Services

26. Rate of Children in Foster Care Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Dept. of Family and Protective Services

27. Divorce Rate Per 1,000 population Texas Dept. of Health

28. Domestic Violence Reports Texas Uniform Crime Reports Rate Per 1,000 Population

29. Domestic Violence Reports to CCPD Corpus Christi Police Dept. Number of Reports

30. Domestic Violence Victims Woman’s Shelter of South Texas

31. Domestic Violence Victims Total Number of Victims Texas Dept. of Human Services

32. PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

33. Nueces County Population U.S. Census Bureau Thousands

34. Families Living In Poverty Percentage U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey

35. Child Poverty Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

36. Unemployment Percent Unemployed Texas Workforce Commission

37. Per Capita Income $4,871 Gap Bureau of Economic Analysis Texas State Comptroller

38. Median Household Income U.S. Census Bureau Texas Kids Count

39. Children in Head Start Program Rate per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

40. Children on State Subsidized Child Care with rate of DHS payments per 1,000 children Texas Kids Count Rate per 1,000 Children

41. Children in Families Receiving Food Stamps Rate per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

42. Children in Families Receiving TANF Texas Kids Count Rate Per 1,000 Children

43. Infants and Children (1-4 yrs.) Receiving WIC Texas Kids Count Number of Infants & Children

44. Recipients of Food Stamps, Medicaid and TANF Texas Dept. of Human Services Number of Recipients

45. Percent of Students from Economically Disadvantaged Families Texas Education Agency Percent of Students

46. PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

47. Adult Violent Crimes Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

48. Homicides Committed with Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

49. Robberies Committed With Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

50. Percent of Aggravated Assaults Committed with Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

51. Adult Alcohol Related Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

52. Adult Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

53. Adult Property Crime Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

54. Nueces County Middle School/Junior High students that reported of being forced to engage in unwanted sexual behavior by… Percentage

55. PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

56. Arrests age 10 – 14 Drug Offenses Number of Arrests Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept.

57. Arrests age 10 - 14 Property Crimes TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

58. Arrests age 10 - 14 Violence Related Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Number of Arrests

59. Age at First Use of Alcohol or Drugs Nueces County Students (Year 2000) AGE

60. Alcohol, Marijuana, and Inhalants Use 8th Graders (Year 2000) Percent Using Alcohol & Drugs

61. Drug Use 8th Graders (Year 2000) Percent Using Drugs

62. Attended School “High” % of Nueces County Students Reporting 1 or More Days (Year 2000) TOTAL 17.8%, 138

63. Age of 1st Use and Percent of Students Reporting Difficulties/Trouble with Friends, Teachers & Police Due to Alcohol Use (Year 2000) Percent Reporting Difficulties

65. Nueces County Students (Year 2000) During the last 4 weeks, did you carry a gun to school 1 or more days. 3.6% During the last 4 weeks, did you carry a knife to school 1 or more days. 8.5% National, 6-8th = 3.7%

66. Longitudinal Drop-out Rate Texas Education Agency Percent of Drop-outs

67. ANNUAL DROP-OUT RATES Texas Education Agency Percent of Drop-outs

68. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward drug use & crime  Family History of high risk behavior

69. MATH TAAS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

70. READING TAAS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

71. READING TAKS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

72. MATH TAKS Scores Texas Education Agency Percent Passing

73. Proportion of Eligible Students Scoring at or Above Accountability Criteria on SAT or ACT. Texas Education Agency Rate of Students

74. Self-Reported Average Grades (Year 2000) Percent of Grades

75. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of high risk behavior

76. School Attendance Rate Texas Education Agency Rate Attending

77. Truancy Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number

78. Failure to Attend School (Truancy) City of Corpus Christi Municipal Court Total Number

79. TRUANCY % of Nueces County Students Reporting 1 or More Days (Year 2000) TOTAL 22.6%, 175 Texas 7th = 13.7% Texas 8th = 18.8%

80. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of high risk behavior

81. Juvenile Curfew & Truancy Assessment Center Juvenile Assessment Center Total Number

82. Number of Juvenile Gang Members Total Number Corpus Christi Police Dept.

83. Reported Vandalism & Graffiti Damage Corpus Christi Police Dept. Number Reported

84. Nueces County Under 18 with SED (serious emotional disturbance) Texas Dept. of Mental Health and Mental Retardation Total Number With SED

85. PERCENTAGE of STUDENTS REPORTING GANGS AT SCHOOL (Year 2000) Percent Reporting

86. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of High Risk Behavior

87. Perceived Harmfulness of Alcohol Use by 6 th and 12 th Graders. Those With a Response of Somewhat or Very Dangerous. Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Percent Perceiving Harmfulness

88. Juvenile Alcohol Related Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

89. Adolescents in Treatment for Alcohol or Drug Use Number of adolescents Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse

90. Juvenile Property Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

91. Nueces County Students Percent Indicating Issue Is a Serious Problem at Their School (Year 2000)

92. Percent of Total Live Births to Mothers <18 Texas Dept. of Health Percent of Live Births

93. CHLAMYDIA RATES 15-19 AGES Texas Dept. of Health Rate per 1,000 Population

94. GONORRHEA RATES 15-19 AGES Rate Per 1,000 Population Texas Dept. of Health

95. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of High Risk Behavior

96. Percent of Nueces County Middle School/Junior High Students That Reported Getting Alcoholic Beverages Either “most of the time” or “always” (Year 2000) Percent Getting Alcoholic Beverages

97. Nueces County Annual Sales Tax Receipts for Mixed Beverages in Thousands Thousands Texas State Comptroller

98. Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward problem behaviors  Family History of high risk behavior

99. Juvenile Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations Felony and Misdemeanor Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

100. Juvenile Arrests for Drug Offenses 522.2% Increase Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

101. Total Rate of Behavior-Related Removals or Suspensions of all Students Rate Per 100 students School Districts

102. Total Rate of Behavior-Related Expulsions of all Students Per 100 students School Districts

103. Total Rate of Drug-Related Removals or Suspension of all Students Per 100 students School Districts

104. Total Rate of Drug-Related Expulsions of All Students Per 100 students School Districts

105. All Adults and Youth - Number of Alcohol and Drug Related Deaths Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rate per 1,000 Population

106. All Adults and Youth - Substance- Related Motor Vehicle Crashes Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Total percent of All Injury Crashes

107. Juvenile Arrests for Violent Crime Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

108. Juvenile Arrests for Curfew, Vandalism, Disorderly Conduct TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Total Number of Arrests

109. Youth Committed to TYC Texas Youth Commission Total Number of Youths

110. Nueces County Students (Year 2000) % Bullied In School Year % Reporting Theft In Past 6 Months National 7th =11%, 8th = 9%National, Age 13, 14 = 14%

111. Nueces Students Fear of Being Attacked at School (Year 2000) National 9% 9-12

112. Six Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Problem Behaviors  Family History of High Risk Behavior

113. Education Attainment Person 25 Years & Over 9 th to 12 th Grade, No Diploma Percent of 25 years & over 25,500 U.S. Census Bureau

114. 9th to 12 th Grade Attrition All Nueces County Public High Schools TEA, AES Reports

115. 9th Graders Lost by 12 th Grade TEA, AES Reports 2,099 Percent

116. Literacy Levels 1994 Texas Education Agency Percent

117. Adults in Drug or Alcoholism Treatment Units Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Total Number of Adults

118. Deaths Due to Liver Disease and Cirrhosis Rate per 100,000 Population Texas Dept. of Health

119. Other Risk Factors with Possible Impact in the Community  Transitions & Mobility  Early & Persistent Anti-Social Behavior  Media Portrayals of Violence  Availability of Firearms  Low neighborhood Attachment & Community Disorganization

120. Existing Home Sales Total Number of Home Sales Corpus Christi Board of Realtors

121. Student Mobility Percentage Texas Education Agency

122. Nueces County Middle School/Junior High Students. Percent of those that reported they think that the media promote violence among teens. (Year 2000)

123. Total Rate of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities. Per 100 students School Districts

124. Homicides Number of Homicides TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

125. Population Voting in National Elections. Percent Voting in National Elections Texas Politics

126. Figure 2: Need A Comprehensive Continuum of Community Response PreventionInterventionEnforcement All Youth > Youth At Risk > Immediate Intervention > Intermediate Sanctions> Community Confinement > TYC > Parole Weighted toward PREVENTION

127. Family Management and Conflict Problems Extreme Economic Deprivation Academic Failure Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior Prenatal/Infancy Programs Early Childhood Education Parent Training Family Therapy Marital Therapy Youth Employment with Education Organizational Change in Schools Curricula for Social Competence Promotion School Behavior Management Strategies Mentoring with Reinforcement Community/School Policies. Risk Factor Program Promote Healthy Beliefs Promote Clear Standards Provide Challenging Opportunities Teach Needed Skills Provide Recognition of Contribution Protective Factor = FIGURE 4: PROTECTIVE FACTORS

128. Community Initiatives Juvenile Assessment Center Mentor Network 21st century Community Learning Centers America’s Promise--Youth Summit Early Head Start Family and Community Violence Prevention Center Success by Six Safe Communities

129. Current Grant Status PERPETUAL GRANTS Early Headstart Program Grant ($1,224,384 per year) OTHER MAJOR GRANTS 21 st Century Community Learning Centers$4,002,108 CIS – Community-Based Abstinence Education Program$1,842,913 Coastal Bend Early Learning Opportunities$ 689,787 Texas A & M University–Corpus Christi Family Life Centers$ 660,000 Moody High School Smaller Learning Communities$ 499,719 Success By 6® Sustaining, Implementation, Planning Grant$ 465,000 Del Mar College – Center for Early Learning$ 400,000 CIS - Services To At-Risk Youth (STAR)$ 341,417 CCISD - Texas Grants to Reduce Academic Dropouts$ 336,974 Ark Assessment Center & Emergency Shelter for Youth$ 192,340 TOTAL GRANTS AWARDED: $20,022,308

130. Community Team Approach Risk and Protective Factors Criminal and Juvenile Justice Health Mental Health Education Faith Community MedicalNon-Profits Social Work Business YOUTH