2. Berlin Crisis 1958, Khrushchev proposed a peace treaty that would recognize the existence of 2 Germanys In November 1958, he demanded that Berlin should be demilitarized, Western troops withdrawn and Berlin changed into a free city If the West did not adhere to these demands within 6 months, he threatened that he would turn over control of access routes to the Western sectors of Berlin to GDR

4. Why Khrushchev was prepared to precipitate war? Soviet fear of West Germany acquiring nuclear weapons Concern over the failing East German economy Pressure from Walter Ulbricht, leader of GDR in the face of Western outrage, Khrushchev dropped his ultimatium as the number of refugees kept flooding into West Berlin from East, Ulbricht got frustrated with Khrushchev’s lack of response

5. Crisis 1960-61 Khrushchev first met Kennedy at the Vienna Summit of 1961 Khrushchev at first believed that he could exploit Kennedy Khrushchev decided to renew his ultimatum on Berlin Kennedy did not give any concessions to them

6. The Wall On Aug 12, 1961, 40,000 refugees fled to the West Khrushchev bowed to Ulbricht’s pressure August 13, 1961, the building of the Berlin Wall bega

7. The Wall For Khrushchev, the Berlin Wall was a defeat in the sense that it was a visible admission that Commumunist propaganda had failed Please read Kennedy’s speech on page 86 and answer the Document analysis question Then, read documents A,B,C on pages 87-88 and answer the question on page87

8. Cuban Missile Crisis Most dramatic confrontation during Cold War Both leaders, Kennedy and Khrushchev were under intense domestic pressure to prove themselves

9. Cuban Missile Crisis Origins traced to the overthrow of the pro-USA Cuban gov’t of General Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro in 1959 US companies controlled most of the financial, railway, electricity, telegraph and sugar industries Platt Agreement

10. Castro takes power Castro takes power in January 1959 Castro’s revolutionary reforms involved nationalization of the US economic interests, and most pro-Cubans chose to move the US rather than resist Castro Castro turns to USSR, which offered economic aid in 1960 Study the timeline on pages 90-91, then answer 1-3 with a partner

11. Bay of Pigs March 1960, Eisenhower approved a plan to overthrew Castro Cuban refugees prepared for an invasion of Cuba Mission was a failure and 1214 invaders were captured The was humiliating for Kennedy administration And a loss of prestige for USA Khrushchev was given ammunition to criticize the USA

12. After the attack, Castro labeled himself a Marxist and concluded a defensive alliance with USSR

13. Missile Crisis 1962 Khrushchev decided to put intermediate range ballistic missiles into Cuba

14. The USA had missiles in Turkey, so Khrushchev wanted to give them a taste of own medicine Khrushchev wanted to seize propaganda advantage especially after Berlin Crisis John L. Gaddis believed that Khrushchev put missiles bc he was afraid of another Bay attack Soviet historians Zubok and Pleshakov, believe that Khrushchev was mainly concerned with upholding revolutionary Cuba and thereby Soviet hegemony and spread of Communism

15. Read 259-261 According to Zubok and Pleshakov, what were Khrushchev’s reasons for putting missiles into Cuba?

16. Cuban Missile Crisis In October 1962, Kennedy was presented with photos from U-2 spy plane that showed evidence of launch pads on the island Increased the Soviet first strike capability The balance of power seemed to change Kennedy faced a crisis Cuba is 90 miles from USA Disastrous event of Bay of Pigs

17. How was crisis resolved? Thirteen Days Kennedy ordered a naval blockade He made the American position public by going on TV He announced the quarantine of Cuba to prevent the delivery of any warheads Khrushchev ignored the quarantine and sent out ships towards Cuba On Oct 24, 1962 6 Soviet ships turned BACK towards the Soviet Union

18. Crisis still continued b/c missile sites remained on Cuba On Oct 26, Khrushchev sent a telegram to Kennedy saying that the USSR would remove missiles for a US pledge not to invade Cuba Then, Khrushchev insisted that remove missiles from Turkey Kennedy accepted Khrushchev’s first offer and ignored the 2 nd one

19. What conclusions could be reached about Kennedy and Khrushchev’s actions? Read pages 98-99 Then, summarize your answer. Be ready to speak up.

20. Background to Sino-Soviet Split: Civil war in China Guomindang GMD or Nationalist Party were rivals to the Chinese Communist Party CCP Both wanted to unify China GMD, led by Chiang Kai-Shek, came to see the CCP as its key internal political enemy Mao Zedong leader of CCP Throughout the 1930’s an uneasy truce was forged by the two groups After WWII, both groups started fighting for power in China

21. Sino-Soviet Split October 1949 China becomes a communist country The key difference between USSR and Chinese Communists were ideological Stalin felt that Mao’s interpretation of Marxism, using peasants as the basis of revolution, could not be genuine revolutionary Marxism, which should feature workers leading an urban-based class war Read excerpt from Immanuel Hsu’s the Rise of China on page 113

22. Sino-Soviet Split Stalin also:  Feared Mao as a rival  Did not want the Cold war to spread to Asia  Knew that Chiang’s GMD would recognize dispute border territory  Underestimated the CCP and believed that GMD was stronger party

23. Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance The treaty offered the PRC the promise of Soviet expertise and low-interest aid The Chinese were offended of unfriendly treatment

24. 1953-1956 Sino-Soviet Relations Stalin deliberately delayed the end of Korean War to exhaust the Chinese

25. Mao and Khrushchev 1956-1964 Three key events undermined the easing of tensions:  The Secret Speech in Moscow in October 1956 attacking Stalin’s crimes  The Hungarian Uprising and Berlin Crisis-Mao saw this as Khrushchev’s failure to deal with reactionary forces  Khrushchev’s declaration of peaceful co-existence-Mao saw this as ideological heresy Mao saw these events as clear divergence from Marxist doctrine to revisionist doctrine

26. Document Analysis p 116 Read document analysis on page 116 and do # 1 and 2