2. Chapter 17 Section 1

3. “Renaissance” (NC) Who: (think about it..) What: means- ”rebirth”; a time period of revival of learning & art Where: Western Europe When: (find it) Why imp: this led to innovative styles of art and literature; it led to new values such as the importance of the individual.

4. Stages of the Renaissance After Middle Ages & Black Death– those who survived = Celebrate!!! Starting expressing themselves through art & literature… Starts in Italy (“Italian Renaissance”), then… Spread to the rest of Europe– (“Northern Renaissance”)  tomorrow…

5. Starts in Italy b/c: Thriving cities = urban while the rest was rural = Cities are where you exchange ideas… Wealthy merchant class = dominated gov’t & needed to succeed in business to stay powerful = individual achievement became IMPORTANT!! (they give the $$ for the art & literature aka PATRONS) Classical heritage of Greece and Rome = disliked Middle Ages art, wanted to restore the art of Rome & Greece (great empires = great art)

6. “Humanism” (NC) Who: (think) What: scholars studied classical manuscripts which led to an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements Where: (think) When: (think) Why imp: it influenced artists/architects to carry on classical traditions; it popularized the study of subjects common to classical education (i.e. History, literature, philosophy) = influenced growth of learning; led to a secular view of the world

7. “Secular” (NC) Who: What: worldly rather than spiritual and religious; Humanism led to this Where: When: Why imp: Renaissance people acted this way instead of pious/religious = they lived in mansions, threw lavish banquets, wore expensive clothes; church leaders became worldly!

9. Emphasis on the individual led to new art… 3 key things you need to know…

10. 1. Realism Started painting prominent citizens More realistic w/ natural postures & expressions

11. 2. Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Shows 3 dimensions on a flat surface

12. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism  free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

13. Artists showed: 1. Interest in classical culture 2. Curiosity about the world 3. Belief in human potential

14. Individual achievement… This idea led to “Renaissance Man/Woman” = all individuals should strive to became master of all areas of study (jack of all trades) Perfect example: Leonardo Da Vinci (NC) Leonardo Da Vinci videoLeonardo Da Vinci video

15. The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

16. 3 Important Renaissance men: ¾ of the Ninja Turtles…

17. 1. Leonardo da Vinci 1452 - 1519 Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor (You need to do the NC)

18. 2. Imp. Person: 2. Imp. Person: Michelangelo Buonorrati (NC) 1475 – 1564 Renaissance man who excelled as painter, sculptor, architect, & poet.Most famous for the way he represented the body as forceful and heroic. Why imp: He painted the dome of St. Peter’s, Sistene chapel (Vatican), and statue of David.

19. David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble

20. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

21. The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

22. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

23. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

24. The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

25. 3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

26. Raphael’s Madonnas (1) Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

27. Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna Raphael’s Madonnas (2)

28. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

29. Renaissance changes Literature:

30. How did they write: In the vernacular (NC) Wrote for self-expression or to portray individuality of subjects Began trends that modern writers still follow…

31. 3 imp Renaissance writers: 1. Petrarch- “Father of the Renaissance Humanism”; poet 2. Boccaccio- Wrote “Decameron” about worldly young people trying to avoid the plague 3. Machiavelli (NC)- wrote “The Prince” (1513) which served as a political guidebook of how rulers can gain power by defeating their enemies– princes LOVED this!!..and they modeled themselves after what Machiavelli had written for CENTURIES!!

32. Northern Renaissance (the rest of Europe) Section 2 Pgs. 480-487

33. Renaissance spreads to the rest of Europe: After Black Death, trade became more popular throughout Europe… = cities started to grow = more ppl.. = wealth$$ = more Patrons of the arts & literature When it got to the rest of Europe, they added their own culture = Northern Renaissance!!

34. Art spreads… Germany: / Albrecht Durer- woodcuts/engravings; portrayed religious images or realistic landscapes / Hans Holbein- painted portraits that re almost photographic (Henry VIII) Flanders: / Became artistic center of Europe / Jan van Eyck- introduced oil-based paints which became popular and spread throughout Europe; revealed the personality of his subjects / Pieter Bruegel the Elder- realistic details of individual people; scenes of everyday life

35. Writers try to reform society: Why: critical of the failure of the church to inspire people to live a Christian life Led to “Christian Humanism”– focus on reforming society & education Important Christian Humanist writers: 1. Erasmus- “The Praise of Folly” (1509) ¡Poked fun at greed, lovers, fighters ¡To improve society: study the bible 2. Thomas More- “Utopia” (1516) (NC) ¡An imaginary land that’s perfect with no greed, corruption, or war

36. “Utopia” (NC) Who: written by Thomas More What: means “no place”; a book that is written about an imaginary land that’s perfect with no corruption, greed, or war Where: Western Europe When: 1516 Why imp: this showed a better model of society than the way people were living in the Renaissance; it was one of the most important books written that is still read today

37. Other types of writers… (Playwrights)

38. “William Shakespeare” (NC) Who: most famous writer of this time and greatest playwright of all time What: wrote plays that revealed souls of people, examined human flaws, and expressed the individual nature of people Where: England When: 1564-

39. Why imp: / Greatest playwright of all time / Wrote famous plays: Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo & Juliet, Midsummer Night’s Dream / Lots of movies are made from his plays

40. How did they SPREAD the ideas???

41. Printing! China- invented block print/moveable type in 1000 1200s- got to Europe via trade, process was too slow for Europe’s alphabetic letters vs. Chinese characters 1440– Printing Press was STARTED! 1453- Gutenberg Bible / – first full-sized printed book

42. “Johann Gutenberg” (NC) Who: German craftsman What: he made the Printing Press & made the first copied book- the Gutenberg Bible Where: Germany When: 1453 Why imp: / Made the first copied book- “The Gutenberg Bible” / Made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply = more accessible books = more people could read = more education = spread of ideas!

43. The Reformation Section 3 Pgs. 488-494

44. “Reformation” (NC) Who: Martin Luther, Protestants What: a movement for religious reform; when groups of Christians split from the Catholic church because of its’ abuses Where: started in Germany, all of Europe When: 1517 Why imp: this led to the founding of churches that did not not accept the Pope’s authority- Protestant Christian

45. Causes of Reformation Social / People ?ed the church / Printing press = spread of critical ideas Political / Powerful monarchs vs. Pope? / Pope was viewed as foreign ruler.. Economic / Church - $$$, people jealous / Taxes to church!! Religious / Worldly & corrupt leaders / Indulgences

46. “Martin Luther” (NC) Who: German priest What: he didn’t like the corruption of the Catholic church which made him start the Reformation! Where: Germany When: 1483-1546 Why: he wrote the 95 Thesis which opposed the Catholic church practices = he was excommunicated = he started the Reformation!

47. “Indulgence” (NC) Who: Catholics, Martin Luther What: a pardon granted by the church to release the sinner of having to pay the penalty of the sin Where: Europe When: until the 1500s Why: The church sold these which absolved sin and allowed people to go to heaven- meant the Priests had power to say who went to heaven = corrupt = Martin Luther was mad & started Reformation!

48. Chain of events: John Tetzel was raising $$ to build cathedral = sold indulgences = irritated Martin Luther = 1517 Martin Luther’s “95 Thesis” = started the Reformation!

49. “95 Thesis” (NC) Who: Martin Luther What: a formal statement that Luther wrote objecting to the sale of indulgences Where: Wittenburg, Germany When: October 31, 1517 Why: Luther nailed this on the church door = irritated the church = he was excommunicated & THIS started the Reformation!

50. Chain of events cont’d… After the 95 Thesis, Martin Luther is asked to take it back… = he refuses to take it back = the Church excommunicates him!! = he is declared a heretic & outlaw! (Edict of Worms) = he created the Lutherans so he could still worship, the RIGHT way..

51. “Lutherans” (NC) Who: Martin Luther What: religious group formed in reformation from Catholics; believed: salvation through faith, Bible has sole word, & all ppl equal in faith Where: Germany When: 1517 Why: / this was the first Protestant faith opposed to Catholic; / Pope & Priests had no authority- only Bible & faith; / still very popular today

52. Chain of events cont’d… After Lutheran was created, people applied Luther’s ideas to society… = Peasants didn’t want to be serfs anymore, they wanted freedom = The German peasants revolted = WAR! 2 sides: those with the Pope, those against = those against the Pope signed a “Protest” = “Protestants” anyone non-Catholic…

53. “Protestant” (NC) Who: Non-Catholic Christians What: Christians that opposed the Catholic church and the Pope formed their own Protestant churches in “Protest” to the Catholics Where: Germany, then all over Europe When: 1529 Why: this became the name for any Christian that was not Catholic, very popular today

54. Chain of events cont’d… After the Protestants revolted and war began between Catholics and non-Catholics, people grew weary of fighting… = All German princes got together to sign peace treaty to stop fighting = Peace of Augsburg was signed = the war ended & each ruler now chose the religion of his people in Germany!

55. “Peace of Augsburg” (NC) Who: German princes, led by Charles V What: peace treaty that ended the religious war that gave Princes the right to choose their people’s religion Where: Germany When: 1555 Why: This allowed both Protestant & Catholic rulers & people = meant Protestant was spreading & more popular = not just Catholic was accepted in Europe now!!

56. Chain of events cont’d… Protestantism & Reformation grew popular b.c. of __________________ = spread to ALL of Europe!! = other sections/religions sprung up that are still around today…

57. 3 other major denominations: Calvinism Presbyterian Anabaptist

58. 1. “Calvinism” (NC) Who: John Calvin What: Protestant denomination that said God only chooses a select few for heaven, they are predestined Where: France When: 1536 Why: This became the popular Protestant religion in France, eventually influenced Presbyterian = still around today!

59. “Predestination” (NC) Who: What: Where: When: Why:

60. 2. “Presbyterian” (NC) Who: John Knox, Scottish What: the Calvinist religion in Scotland that was governed by a group of laymen called elders or Presbyters Where: Scotland When: 1559 Why: this denomination became the main religion in Scotland and got rid of the Catholic ruler Mary Queen of Scots; eventually travelled to America for religious freedom

61. 3. “Anabaptists” (NC) Who: Protestants What: Protestant denomination that was against infant baptism; thought church and state should be separate & refused to fight in wars Where: When: Why: these people eventually became Amish, Quakers, and Baptists in America.

62. “Catholic Reformation” (NC) Who: Catholics What: in response to the millions of people changing to Protestant, many remained Catholic and reformed their own church (aka Counter Reformation) Where: Europe When: 1520-1550 Why: Popes reformed, Religious orders were created (Jesuits), Indulgences and bad practices were banned = united Catholics; BUT weakened the church- political leaders = more powerful

63. “Jesuits” (NC) Who: Catholics What: members of the religious order (Society of Jesus) created by the Pope as part of the Catholic Reformation to reform Catholic church Where: Europe When: 1540 Why: They focused on 3 things- creating superb Catholic schools, convert non- Christians to Catholicism, & stop the spread of Protestantism.

64. “Council of Trent” (NC) Who: Catholics What: council of Catholic bishops that reaffirmed Catholic faith as part of Catholic Reformation Where: Northern Italy When: 1545-1563 Why: disagreed with Protestants & said: Church interpretation of bible is final, Salvation = Faith + Good works, Bible & church equally powerful, Indulgences = ok, just can’t sell them