1. Republic of Estonia History

2. PREHISTORIC ESTONIA (9000 BC–1200)

3. Stone Age (9000–1800 BC) Mesolithic Era (9000–4200 BC) –First settlements 9000 BC Pulli settlement (Pulli asula) –Near water Võrtsjärv, Lake Peipus, Emajõgi, Pärnu River, Saaremaa etc. Pulli settlement

4. Stone Age (9000–1800 BC) Mesolithic Era (9000–4200 BC) –Hunting, fishing, gathering –Hunting wide range of animals Elk, beaver etc.

5. Stone Age (9000–1800 BC) Mesolithic Era (9000–4200 BC) –Small communities –Relocating according to the season –Tools made out of stone, horn, bone and wood –Earthenware (5500 BC)

6. Stone Age (9000–1800 BC) Neolithic Era (4200–1800 BC) –Grain growing Barley and wheat –Hunting aurochs, elk, wild boar, beaver, wild horse, seal etc. –Fishing on the sea

7. Stone Age (9000–1800 BC) Neolithic Era (4200–1800 BC) –Villages –Settlements growing –Contacts with Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, southern Scandinavia –On the second half of the period breeding livestock began Oxen, goats, sheep and pigs

8. Bronze Age 1800–500 BC Early Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC) –Luxury items –Rare import material Oldest bronze item found on Muhu island is an arrowhead from southern Urals –Slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting and fishing

9. Bronze Age 1800–500 BC Late Bronze Age (1000–500 BC) –Radical changes in the western and northern coastal areas Permanent fields Cattle-breeding became increasingly important –Trading, making handicrafts –Province of southern Scandinavia Seal blubber, fur and honey from Estonia´s territory Metal and luxury items from the west

10. Iron Age (500 BC–1200) Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC–50 AD) –Small isolated farms –Private land ownership –Cultivating land and raising cattle Roman Iron Age (50–450 AD) –Farms expanded and population increased –Contacts with Baltic tribes –Iron production Bog ore

11. Iron Age (500 BC–1200) Migration Period (450–600 AD) –The collapse of the Roman Empire –Re-established relations with Scandinavians –Many findings Weapons, tools and jewellery –First strongholds

12. Iron Age (500 BC–1200) Pre-Viking Era (600–800 AD) –Building strongholds –Large villages Viking Period (800–1050 AD) –Closer relations with Scandinavians –Silver jewellery

13. Iron Age (500 BC–1200) Late Iron Age (1050–1200 AD) –Radical changes in the settlement pattern Stronghold-settlement system collapsed New strongholds, farmsteads and villages Number of inhabitants increased –Changes in the agriculture New land cultivation tools Number of fields increased Winter rye Pig farming

14. Iron Age (500 BC–1200) Late Iron Age (1050–1200 AD) –Iron making on an almost industrial scale –Coastal inhabitants took part in Baltic Sea trade and even went on pillaging raids –Elements of material and spiritual culture took root –Administrative divisions similar to present day developed

15. ESTONIAN MIDDLE AGES (1200–1558)

16. Sources The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae) Administrative records of foreign conquerors

17. Arrival of Christianity Attempts to conquer Estonia by –Papal curia, the archbishop of Hamburg- Bremen, Teutonic order, Danish and Swedish crowns

18. Arrival of Christianity Christianity arrived relatively late –Estonia was not economically attractive –Political problems in neighbouring countries –Estonians were reluctant More for economical reasons Less for ethnical reasons

19. Arrival of Christianity Ancient fight for freedom (muistne vabadusvõitlus) (1206–1227) –German, Danish and Swedish conquerors vs inhabitants of Estonia –1206 Danish army tried to settle in Saaremaa but did not succeed –1219 Danish army conquered most of the North Estonia –1224 Germans conquered continental Estonia –1227 Germans conquered also Saaremaa

20. Under the foreign rule Livonia (Liivimaa) Estonians were baptised by German and Danish priests Estonians were forced to follow the conquerors´ rules

21. Under the foreign rule Estonians remained peasants Their rights were gradually restricted during the 15th century –They were not allowed to move –They had to pay rent to the local landlords –They had to build churches and strongholds –Peasants were sold apart from their families

22. Towns The towns were established on 13th century –By Lübeck Law (Tallinn, Rakvere, Narva etc.) –By Riga Law (Tartu, Haapsalu, Paide etc.) Tallinn, Tartu, Pärnu and Viljandi belonged to the Hansaetic League

23. Towns Representatives of church, political figures, merchants, handicraftsmen and lower class The upper class consisted of Germans The official language was Middle Low German Estonians were called non-Germans

24. Towns Most of the merchants and handicraftsmen were Germans Imported goods were salt, herring, humulus, different metals and wine Exported goods were grain, vax, flax and fur Estonians had less-prestigious and simple jobs

25. Towns On the 13.–14th century the natural growth in towns was small –Therefore peasants moved to the towns –Arguments between local landlords and towns´ authorities On the 15.–16th the upper class started to set obstacles to peasants moving to towns –Estonians getting higher on the social ladder –Reducing the number of Estonians by raising the citizen tax

26. Religious life After turning Estonians into Christianity the Livonia became a Catholic area The reformation on 16th century –Lutheranism in towns –Catholicism in rest of the Livonia

27. Religious life Even on 16th century Estonians were still called neophytes –Some of the old beliefs remained and melted together with Catholic traditions –Estonians started to prefer Christian names

28. SWEDISH RULE 1558–1710

29. Livonian War (1558–1583) Reasons –Russia´s interest in land –Entrance to the Baltic Sea Results –North and West Estonia to Sweden –South and East Estonia to Poland –Saaremaa to Denmark

30. Life under Swedish rule In 1617–1645 the Estonian territory gradually went back to Swedes „Good Swedish time“ –Reduction –Right to sue the tenants –Schools Witch-hunt

31. The Great Northern War (1700–1721) Poland, Denmark, Russia and others attacked to grant the power over the Baltic Sea Sweden lost the war Russia gained power over Estonia

32. THE RUSSIAN RULE 1710–1917

33. The Baltic Landesstaat (1710–1850) Territory was separated in –Governorate of Estonia –Governorate of Livonia Baltic Germans maintained their rights Lutheranism was also maintained

34. Peasants End of slavery –Governorate of Estonia in 1816 –Governorate of Livonia in 1819 Right to own property Renting land from landlords Family names Obligation to serve in the army

35. National awakening (1850–1880) Reasons –French Revolution –Romanticism –German national consciousness –Educated Estonians –Economical development –National associations

36. National awakening (1850–1880) Against social and national pressure of the Russian-German upper class Pro ethnic survival and Estonian-language based high culture

37. National awakening (1850–1880) Johann Voldemar Jannsen established first Estonian- language newspaper „Perno Postimees“ in 1857 –„Estonians“ (eestlased) instead of „country people“ (maarahvas)

38. National awakening (1850–1880) Jakob Hurt –National identity is more important than becoming an independent state

39. National awakening (1850–1880) Carl Robert Jakobson, founder of newspaper „Sakala“, saw Russian government as the anti-German ally

40. National awakening (1850–1880) Estonian societies –Choirs and orchestras –Folklore gatherings –Theatre (Vanemuine) –Estonian Students' Society (Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts) –First song festival in 1869 1000 participants Audience of 12 000

41. Russification (1880–1890) In 1870´s the national movement weakened –Misunderstandings between Jannsen, Hurt and Jakobson –Death of Jakobson The Russian government intervened –Reduced the rights of Baltic Germans –Russian court system was established –Education in Russian

42. World War I (1914–1918) Estonia´s importance as a support point –Military objects –Harbour –Warship factories 30 000 foot soldiers and 20 000 sailors stationed in Estonia

43. World War I (1914–1918) Russian government´s new orders closed down German schools and newspapers German language was forbidden Some Baltic Germans were sent to Siberia 100 000 Estonian men were taken to the army, 8000–10 000 died

44. ESTONIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE 1918

45. Independence In February 1917 the revolution took place in Russia and the tsar was killed Decision to declare independence at the first opportunity Russians were retreating and Germans hadn´t yet conquered the whole territory

46. Independence The independence was declared 23th of February 1918 in Pärnu –Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia The next day Estonian Provisional Government was formed in Tallinn The Independence Day is celebrated on 24th of February

47. Independence Germans did not recognise Republic of Estonia Baltic Duchy Defeat of the Central Powers in November Agreement between Estonia and Germany about handing over the power to Estonia

48. War of Independence (1918–1920) The Red Army attacked Narva in November Estonia was not ready –Forming administration and army in process –Very little experience –Lack of money, food, weapons –Faith in surviving as a country was low

49. War of Independence (1918–1920) Help from other countries New Estonian army units –The Commander in Chief Johan Laidoner –WWI Estonian Officers –Volunteers –Finns –Local Baltic Germans and Russians Johan Laidoner

50. War of Independence (1918–1920) Bolsheviks offered peace to Estonia in August 1919 Peace talks started in December Tartu Peace Treaty was signed in February 1920 Signing the peace treaty

51. FIRST REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA 1918–1940

52. First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) Constitution adopted in 1920 Parliamentary democracy –Supreme power belonged to the people –100 member parliament had the legislative power –Government led by the State Elder had the executive power

53. First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) Multinational country –Estonians, Russians, Germans, Swedes, Jews etc. Minorities had cultural autonomy and were able to acquire education in their native language Many Estonians lived outside the republic

54. First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) Land reform Concentrating more on agriculture Close economic relations with Russia and Western countries

55. First Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) Developing national culture –Language –Education University of Tartu