2. HISTORY OF THE WORLD

3. Before History Prehistory The period before history No written records How do we know about it? Archaeological and Biological information Archaeologists and Anthropologists create theories based on this information

4. Archaeology Study of the structure of past societies Archaeologists analyze Artifacts Fossils Excavations

5. Anthropology Anthropologists focus on Analysis of written records DNA

6. Geography Geographers study Geographic Information Systems Satellite images Different types of maps

7. History Historians study : Primary sources Secondary sources Oral history

8. The Neolithic Revolution Begins after the end of the last Ice Age 8000 B.C. Neolithic Greek word meaning “new stone” A change from hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture

9. THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION CAUSES  Hunter-gathering bands scattered seeds near campsites that resulted in growth of new crops.  Climate change – rising temperatures lead to longer growing seasons and drier land.  Growing populations led to the discovery of new food resources – steady source of food.

10. THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION EFFECTS  Shift from food gathering to food producing cultures leads to establishment of permanent settlements and eventually the first cities.  Positive effects: settlement leads to development of culture including art, religion, and specialization of labor; irrigation systems developed as crop production and land use increase.  Negative effects: close proximity of people lead to spread of disease, villages and cities susceptible to attacks, settlements could be destroyed by natural disasters.

11. POLITICAL CHANGES RELATED TO NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION  Settlements need rules and law to maintain order.  Rules and laws needed to regulate irrigation.  Threats of external invaders made it necessary to have leaders who could provide security.  Finances were maintained by imposing taxes or tributes on residents.

12. Systematic Agriculture Planting crops and domesticating (taming) animals for: Food Clothing Work Believed by some historians to be the single most important event in human history

13. Catal Huyuk Archaeologists found 12 products that were grown in Catal Huyuk Evidence of widespread domestication of animals Increased food production and storage People had a Surplus of food more than they needed Allowed people to do work other than farming Artisans made jewelry and weapons 1.Fostered the trade industry Had shrines and statues dedicated to gods and goddesses religion was gaining importance during the Neolithic period

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15. Progression: The Bronze Age Between 4000 and 3000 B.C. People learned how to use metals First used copper Then mixed copper and tin to make bronze As bronze use became widespread this period became referred to by historians as the Bonze Age 3000 to 1200 B.C.

16. The Emergence of Civilization Culture A peoples way of life Civilization A complex culture 6 characteristics Cities Government Religion Social structures Writing Art First developed in River Valleys

17. Early Civilizations Generally, the first governments were led by monarchs Kings or Queens Organized armies Made laws Religions explained the workings of nature and the existence of things A class of priests developed to perform rituals for pleasing the deities Many rulers claimed 1.Power came from the divine 2.Were divine themselves

18. Early Civilizations Cont. Social structures developed based on economic status Upper class consisted of Rulers Priests Officials Warriors Middle class consisted of Free farmers Traders Artisans Craftspeople Lower class consisted of Slaves servants

19. Early Civilizations Cont. Writing was used for Keeping records Creative expression Art Painting and Sculpture portray natural forces or gods and goddesses on temples and shrines

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