1. Types of Dense Connective Tissue  There are two main types of dense connective tissue classified as regular and irregular RegularIrregular

2. Regular  Description -Primarily parallel collagen fibers, a few elastin fibers, major cell type is the fibroblast. Fibroblast Cell

3. Regular  Function -Attaches muscles to bones -Attaches muscles to muscles -Attaches bones to bones -withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Ligament Ligament attaching bone to bone.

4. Regular  Location -Tendons (muscle to bone) -Most ligaments (bone to bone) -Aponeuroses (layers of flat broad tendons) Aponeuroses Tendons Ligament

5. Irregular  Description -Primarily irregular arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers -The major cell type is the fibroblast Nuclei of Fibroblasts Collagen Fiber

6. Irregular  Function -Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions provides structural strength

7. Irregular  Location -Dermis of the skin -Submucosa of digestive tract -Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints Skin Dermis Submucosa of Digestive tract

8. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue makes up the fibrous capsules of organs like in this kidney

9. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

10. Areolar  Location: Widely distributed under epithelia throughout the body. It packages organs and surrounds capillaries and is found in mucous membranes as well.  Function: Areolar tissue supports and binds other tissues like fibers, and wraps and supports other organs. The macrophages kill off bacteria. It also holds and conveys body fluids.

11.  Areolar tissue is made up of a gel-like matrix. It looks like a loose arrangement of fibers, while the rest appears to be empty space.  This provides a reservoir for water and salts. When the body is inflamed, the Areolar tissue soaks up excess water and waste like a sponge, which is called edema.  Areolar tissue also has fibroblasts, microphages, mast cells, and some white blood cells that help it perform its functions in different parts of the body. Structure:

13. Adipose  Location: Found almost anywhere, but found mostly in subcutaneous tissue because it acts as a shock absorber. It is around the kidneys and eyeballs, within the abdomen and hips, and in breasts.  Function: Adipose tissue has greater nutrient storing abilities and is known as “white fat”. It also insulates the body against heat loss, and supports and protects organs.

14.  Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. It is made up of closely packed fat cells, called Adipocytes, which contain oil and are the largest cells in the body. This makes the tissue look like chicken wire when stained. It is sometimes found in matrix like Areolar tissue. Structure:

16. Reticular  Location: Reticular tissue is scattered and widely distributed throughout the body. It is found in the Lymphoid organs; lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

17.  Function: Forms a soft skeleton, called stroma, which supports other cell types and organs. Reticular fibers hold together the lymphoid organs. It mainly supports free blood cells, such as lymphocytes and white blood cells.  Structure: Reticular tissue resembles Areolar tissue, but are made of fibroblasts, which are reticular cells. It’s soft labyrinth-like stroma provides an internal framework.

19. It’s Structure and Function in the Human Body

20. What is Cartilage? Cartilage- Has qualities intermediate between dense connective tissue and bone. It’s tough, rubbery composition enables it to withstand both tension and compression and at the same time provide a resilient rigidity to the structure it supports.

21. Cartilage – cont. Most cartilage in the body is used to cushion bones at their joints. Cartilage is avascular and lacks nerve fibers. The ground substance contains firmly bounded collagen fibers and in some cases elastic fibers, and is usually quite firm. Cartilage matrix also contains an exceptional amount of tissue fluid; in fact, cartilage is up to 80% water! The movement of tissue fluid in its matrix enables cartilage to rebound after being compressed and it also helps to nourish the cartilage cells.

22. Cartilage - Images http://www.bartleby.com/107/Images /small/image294.jpg http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_ resource/images/53X10_small.jpg http://www.anatomyatlases.org/Microscopic Anatomy/Images/Plate47.jpg Hyaline: Costal RegionElastic: External Ear (Pinna)Fibrocartilage: Meniscus

23. Hyaline Cartilage http://washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TISSUES/hy aline_cartilage1.jpg http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg6_files/image0 17.jpg Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage form in the body. It contains large numbers of collagen fibers and provides support with some pliability.

24. Hyaline Cartilage – cont. Hyaline cartilage is found on the surfaces of movable joints and its primary function is to minimize friction between moving bones. The cells of hyaline cartilage are called chondrocytes and these cells are constantly busy building new materials to keep the cartilage healthy. http://seymourchiropractic.ca/images/glucopic.jpg

25. Description of Hyaline – cont. Hyaline Cartilage (“Gristle”) consists of a slimy mass of a firm consistency, but of considerable elasticity and pearly bluish color. It contains no nerves or blood vessels and its structure is relatively simple. It is located at the articular ends of bones and is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, the perichondrium. This membrane contains vessels that provide the cartilage with nutrients. http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab7/IMAGES.jpg

26. Elastic Cartilage Elastic cartilage is one of the most flexible tissues in the body The structure of elastic cartilage is similar to that of hyaline cartilage, with the main difference coming from the added elastic fibers in the cartilage matrix

27. Elastic Cartilage –cont. Function is to maintain shape while allowing flexibility Elastic cartilage is a structure or part of the epiglottis and the external ear Cartilage is not part of the epiglottis itself, but it provides a sturdy and flexible base pad

28. http://washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TISSUES/hy aline_cartilage1.jpg http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/lynn%27s%20bioslides/120.jp ElasticHyaline Images

29. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/intelplay/gallery/images/brightfield/el asticcartilage2.jpg http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/elascart1.gif Images – cont.

30. Fibrocartilage Contains white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in mixed proportions depending on its location and the respective tissue Fibrous: flexibility and toughness Cartilaginous: Elasticity Fibrous connective tissue arranged in bundles with chondrocytes intermixed between the bundles

31. Fibrocartilage – cont. http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/vm8054/labs/Lab7/IMAGES/FIBROCARTILAGE%203%20EDITED%20A.JPG

32. Fibrocartilage – cont. Fibrocartilage cells resemble tendon cells or dense regular connective tissue to an extent, but may be distinguished through their striated areas of cartilaginous matrix http://webnt.calhoun.edu/distance/Internet/Natural/anatomy/Histology/fibrocartilage_40X.jpg

33. Fibrocartilage – cont. Located in the public symphysis, intervertebral discs, meniscus, TMJ temporomandibular joint) and annulus fibrosus http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/fibrocartilage1.6-11.jpg

34. Blood

35. Identify  Blood Tissue: a red blood cell (rbc) b white blood cell (lymphocyte) c white blood cell (neutrophil) d white blood cell (eosinophil) e plasma (matrix)

36. Bone Tissue

38.  Another name for bone tissue is osseous tissue  Major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body  Forms the rigid part of the bone that makes up the skeletal system

39. Function Blood Tissue: Transports- -Oxygen -Carbon dioxide - Ions -Wastes -Nutrients Bone Tissue: -Support for muscles, organs and soft tissues -Movement and leverage -Protection of organs such as the heart -Calcium phosphate storage

40. Structure/ Function Bone:  Bone cells are circular in shape. Bone tissues are tightly compacted and are stacked to allow for maximum strength. Blood:  Blood cells are circular as well. They are floating in plasma.

41. Structure/ Function Complementarity Bone: Bone tissues are designed so that they allow for maximum strength for minimum weight. They are long and thing to allow for vascular tissue. Blood: Blood tissues are floating to allow other particles to float along. This helps it to fulfill its purpose of transport

42. What does blood tissue and bone tissue make up?  Blood (Tissue)  -Makes immune system based off white blood cells  -Contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen  -7% of body weight  -part of excretion-carries carbon dioxide to lungs, where it leaves the body  Bone tissue  -Builds bones  -Builds skeleton- internal support for body,  -Helps maintain homeostasis by keeping a constant level of calcium in the blood

43. Smooth Muscle Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs  Arteries  Veins  Gastrointestinal tract  Reproductive tracts  Bladder  Respiratory tract

44.  Involuntary- cannot be consciously controlled Ex: you don’t will your intestines to contract, they just do  Works by squeezing substances through organs by alternately contracting and relaxing

45. Skeletal Tissue It’s located in muscles Function: attaches muscles to bones or skin

46. Structure Long cylindrical cells are striated and bundled closely They are striated to form bands so they can contract Skeletal tissue is multicellular for simultaneous contraction of all cell

47. Cardiac Muscle Function –As the heart contracts, it propels blood into the circulation –It is an involuntary controlled muscle Location –It is only located in the walls of the heart

48. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is striated Cardiac cells are uninucleate which means it has one nucleus They are also branching cells that fit together tightly at unique junctions called intercalated disks The intercalated disks allow communication between cells Nucleus Intercalated disks

50. Nervous System  Location: CNS – Brain and spinal cord; PNS – everywhere else Function: Regulate and control body function by transmitting electrical impulses

51. Neurons  Structural units of nervous system  Branching cells that connect to conduct impulses  Densely packed and intertwined  Can’t regenerate (exceptions: some olfactory and hippocampal neurons)

52. Supporting cells  Neuroglia, or glial cells  Provide support but don’t conduct impulses  Six different types, each with a unique function.  CNS – Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrites  PNS – Satellite cells, Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes