1. Chapter 14 Water Pollution

2. Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough.

3. The Chesapeake Bay

4. Chesapeake Bay The largest Estuary in the US Receives water from numerous rivers and streams that mixes with salt water of the ocean to produce an extremely productive estuary. Drains water from a large watershed of urban, suburban and agricultural areas. Bay contains an abundance of nutrients, sediments, and chemicals. Current estimate=8.2billion kg of sediment each year. Damage to fish endocrine systems which is similar to human endocrine system (we eat the fish).

5. Our Pee is Pollution- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYsYedHNJgY

6. Water Pollution Water pollution- the contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater with substances produced through human activities and that negatively affect organisms. Point sources- distinct locations that pump waste into a waterway. Nonpoint sources- diffuse areas such as an entire farming region that pollutes a waterway.

7. Point source Non Point

8. Most common pollutants Broad range of pollutants can be found in water: Human and animal waste, inorganic substances, organic compounds, synthetic organic compounds, and nonchemical pollutants. For each we need to consider the source, its negative effects, and what can be done to reduce these effects.

9. Human Wastewater Water produced by human activities such as human sewage from toilets and gray water from bathing and washing clothes or dishes.  One of the biggest challenges is keeping human waste water separate from drinking water. Especially in developing nations.

10. Three reasons scientists are concerned about human wastewater: Oxygen-demanding wastes like bacteria that put a large demand for oxygen in the water Nutrients that are released from wastewater decomposition can make the water more fertile causing eutrophication ( Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both) Wastewater can carry a wide variety of disease-causing organisms.

11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) BOD- the amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at a specific temperature. Lower BOD values indicate the water is less polluted and higher BOD values indicate it is more polluted by wastewater. (measured in mg) Example: decomposition of leaves and such might have 5 to 20 mg of oxygen vs. human waste water which might have 200 mg.

12. Eutrophication Eutrophication is an abundance of fertility to a body of water. Eutrophication is caused by an increase in nutrients, such as fertilizers. Eutrophication can cause a rapid growth of algae which eventually dies, causing the microbes to increase the BOD. In some areas there is so little oxygen we call them dead zones (hypoxic). Easily form positive feedback loops (dying organisms from lack of oxygen cause even more break down and less oxygen)

13. Cultural Eutrophication When a body of water undergoes eutrophication because of anthropogenic inputs. UN estimates there are over 200 dead zones

14. Common Diseases from Human Wastewater Cholera, Typhoid fever, Stomach flu, Diarrhea, Hepatitis The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1.1 billion people, nearly 1/6 of the world population do not have access to sufficient supplies of safe drinking water. Half of the 3.1 million annual deaths from diarrheal diseases and malaria could be prevented with safe drinking water, proper sanitation and hygiene.

15. Indicator species Since it is not possible to test for all of the different pathogens that could be present in drinking water, scientists have settled on indicator species which are organisms that indicate whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely. The best indicators for water are the Fecal- coliform bacteria (E. coli is an example) Swimming and fishing water safe level=500- 10,000 colonies per 100megaliters of water. Public Health authorities may find that any bacteria found is unsuitable for drinking standards.

16. Ways to handle wastewater Same basic approach to all. Break down organic matter with bacteria turning it into carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds. Two most widespread systems are the septic system and the sewage treatment plant. Manure from livestock fields usually handled by a manure lagoon.

17. Treatments for Human and Animal Wastewater Septic systems- a large container that receives wastewater from the house.

18. Septic System Requires space to lay out a septic tank and leach field. Usually found in rural areas. Septic tank: receives waste water from the house (capacity 1900-4700 Liters, needing to be emptied every 5-10 years). Three layers develop: Scum Septage Flows to leach field Sludge-pumped out every 5-10 yrs.

19. Leach field Combination of pipes and lawn. No electricity needed to make a septic system work: all works using gravity.

20. Treatments for Human and Animal Wastewater Sewage Treatment Plants- centralized plants in areas with large populations that receive wastewater via a network of underground pipes.

21. In a traditional sewage treatment plant, wastewater is handled using primary and secondary treatment. Sreening

22. Treatments for Human and Animal Wastewater Manure lagoons- large, human-made ponds line with rubber to prevent the manure from leaking into the groundwater. After the manure is broken down by bacteria, it is spread onto fields as fertilizers.

23. Heavy Metals and Other Substances that can threaten human Health and the Environment Lead, Arsenic, Mercury, Acids, Synthetic compounds (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hormones)

24. World Mercury production P 493

25. Acid Mine Drainage

26. Contaminates in streams P495

27. Oil Pollution P.499

29. Ways to Remediate Oil Pollution Containment using booms to keep the floating oil from spreading. Chemicals that help break up the oil, making it disperse before it hits the shoreline. Bacteria that are genetically engineered to consume oil Famous cases: Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. BP oil spill of 2010.

30. Other Water Pollutants Solid waste pollution (garbage) Great pacific garbage patch. Sediment pollution (sand, silt and clay) Caused mainly by infrastructure and lack of plants (roots) Thermal pollution Thermal shock, lack of O 2 Noise pollution Interferes with animal communication

34. Water Laws Clean Water Act- (1972) supports the “protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water”. Issued water quality standards that defined acceptable limits of various pollutants in U.S. waterways.

35. Water Laws Safe Drinking Water Act- (1974, 1986, 1996) sets the national standards for safe drinking water. It is responsible for establishing maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for 77 different elements or substances in both surface water and groundwater.

36. P 507