1. Storage: Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system Holds memories without conscious effort

2. Long-Term Memory Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

3. Long-Term Memory Function—organizes and stores information – more passive form of storage than working memory Unlimited capacity Duration—thought by some to be permanent Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

4. Long-Term Memory Encoding—process that controls movement from working (STM) memory to long-term memory storage (getting info in) Retrieval—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store (getting info out) Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

5. Types of LTM Implicit No conscious recall Explicit W/ conscious recall General Knowledge (semantic memory) Personal Events (episodic memory) Skills and Procedures (procedural memory) Conditioning (CC & OC) Hippocampus Cerebellum

6. Dimensions of LTM Explicit memory —memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory Implicit memory —memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called nondeclarative memory

7. Two Types of Explicit Memory 1.Episodic information—information about events or “episodes” 2.Semantic information—information about facts, general knowledge, school work

8. Episodic Memory Memory tied to your own personal experiences Examples: – What month is your birthday? – Do you like to eat caramel apples? Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions

9. Semantic Memory Memory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about the world Examples: – How many tires on a car? – What is a cloud? – What color is a banana?

10. Semantic Memory Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your answers Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer does NOT depend on tying the item to your past – i.e., Do not have to recall the time last week when you ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow

11. Implicit Memory Nondeclarative memory Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness Three subtypes

12. Subtypes of Implicit Memory

13. Classical Conditioning Studied earlier Implicit because it is automatically retrieved

14. Procedural Memory Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses; “How-to” Examples: – Riding a bike – How to speak grammatically – Tying your shoe laces Why are these procedural memories implicit? – Can’t readily describe their contents try describing how to tie your shoes – They are automatically retrieved when appropriate

15. Priming Priming is influence of one memory on another priming is implicit because it does not depend on awareness and is automatic

16. Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory: Introduction Studies of malfunctions of memory have helped researchers understand how we form (encode), store, and retrieve memories. Memories are recorded successively as sensory memory (the immediate initial stage), short-term memory (or working memory), and long-term memory. In one extreme type of memory deficit, caused by accident or disease, a person is unable to form new memories and lives in an eternal present. Clive Wearing, a world-renowned choir director and musical arranger, suffered brain damage following viral encephalitis, which destroyed both temporal lobes, the entire hippocampus, and much of the left frontal lobe. He lost his ability to form new memories. He has no memory of anything beyond the last minute or two.

17. Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory: Questions 1.Why does Wearing retain many memory- related abilities, such as speech, musical ability, and ability to recognize his wife. 2.What is the role of the hippocampus (totally destroyed in Wearing) in memory formation?

18. Clive and Deborah Wearing have one of their regular encounters, thirteen years after Clive suffered brain damage. Deborah describes Clive's repeated experience of waking up for the first time, as recorded in a diary. http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1617 (12:35) Segment #10 (Clive Part 1) from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition). http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1618 Segment #11 (Clive Part 2) from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (3 rd edition). http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1617 http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1618 Clive Wearing--Living Without Memory