1. Infinitives and Gerunds

2. In beginning English grammar, we usually teach that : some verbs are followed by infinitives, some verbs are followed by gerunds, and some verbs can be followed by either. That is true but the real situation is a little more complicated…

3. encourage Take the verb encourage for example. It is usually on the list of verbs followed by gerunds: City officials encourage (to recycle, recycling). However, encourage can be followed by an infinitive if there is a intervening noun or pronoun: City officials encourage citizens (to recycle, recycling)

4. Verbs Followed by Infinitives, Pattern 1 verb + infinitive Examples He appears to be healthy. I didn’t agree to clean the windows. NOTE: Pattern 1 verbs never have a noun/ pronoun before the infinitive: He demanded me to work overtime. I offered him to do it. Pattern 1 verbs appear agree care claim decide deserve demand hesitate learn neglect offer pretend refuse seem tend wait that I X √ to do it for him. X √

5. Infinitives, Pattern 2 verb + noun phrase + infinitive Examples I allowed the children to stay up late. I warned you not to come. NOTE: Pattern 2 verbs are not followed directly by the infinitive… unless they are passive: I warned not to come. You were warned not to come. Pattern 2 verbs advise allow cause command convince encourage forbid force hire invite order permit persuade teach tell trust urge warn you not to come. X√

6. Infinitives, Pattern 3 Verbs that can use either Pattern 1 or Pattern 2 Examples I expect to arrive at 9 a.m. I expect you to arrive at 9 a.m., too. I want to get up early. I want you to get up early, too. I intended to do it myself. I didn’t intend for you to do it. Pattern 3 verbs arrange (for) ask expect intend (for) need want

7. Exercise 11, p. 99 verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive 1.John will write a long letter once a week. Mary has requested this.  Mary has requested John to write a long letter once a week. 2. John might postpone his trip until next year. Mary would prefer this. Mary would prefer John to postpone his trip until next year. (OR: Mary would prefer that John postpone his trip until next year.)

8. Exercise 11, p. 99 verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive 3.She will try to visit him while he’s there. She has decided this.  She has decided to try to visit him while he’s there. 4. She was upset by his plans. He didn’t expect this.  He didn’t expect her to be upset by his plans. (Note in No. 3 that, if the subject of the two sentences doesn’t change, the infinitive directly follows the verb.

9. Exercise 11, p. 99 verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive 5.John got a very cheap ticket. Mary’s father arranged this.  Mary’s father arranged for John to get a very cheap ticket. 6. John didn’t apply for a passport. He neglected this.  John neglected to apply for a passport.

10. Exercise 11, p. 99 verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive 7.John will report to the police when he arrives. French law requires this.  French law requires John to report to the police when he arrives. OR: French law requires that John report to the police when he arrives. 8.Mary will begin to study French herself. John has encouraged this.  John has encouraged Mary to begin to study French herself.

11. Exercise 11, p. 99 verb + (noun phrase) + infinitive 9.Mary feels hurt that John is leaving. John never intended this.  John never intended for Mary to be hurt that he was leaving.

12. Gerunds, Pattern 1 verb gerund Examples I avoid traveling during the Chinese New Year holiday. The student admitted copying the material from the Internet. I can’t help thinking about what you said. Verbs admit avoid can’t help consider deny give up include keep on practice quit recommend resist suggest

13. Gerunds, Pattern 2 verb gerund --OR-- verb + noun phrase + infinitive Examples I don’t advise taking the advanced course unless you have a good background in grammar. OR I don’t advise you to take the advanced course unless you have a good background in grammar. Pattern 2 verbs advise allow cause encourage forbid invite permit teach urge

14. Infinitives, Pattern 3 Verb + (noun phrase) + gerund Examples I can’t imagine spending that much money on one meal… …and I can’t imagine you spending that much either. Verbs excuse imagine miss tolerate postpone resent understand anticipate appreciate consider delay dislike don’t mind enjoy

15. Exercise 9, p. 115 verb + (noun phrase) +gerund 1.Johns sings a funny song whenever he sees her. Mary will miss this.  Mary will miss John singing a funny song whenever he sees her. 2. He wants to become really fluent in French. Mary doesn’t really understand this.  Mary doesn’t really understand him wanting to become really fluent in French.

16. Exercise 9, p. 115 verb + (noun phrase) +gerund 3.He applied to the program without consulting Mary. She resents this.  Mary resents John’s applying to the program without consulting her. 4.She will not have a chance to talk with him every day. She’s not looking forward to this.  She ’s not looking forward to not having a chance to talk with him every day.

17. Exercise 9, p. 115 verb + (noun phrase) +gerund 5. John is leaving in two weeks. He is quite excited about this.  John is quite excited about leaving in two weeks. 6.John needs at least three weeks to get a passport. He didn’t anticipate this.  John didn’t anticipate needing at least three weeks to get a passport.

18. Exercise 9, p. 115 verb + (noun phrase) +gerund 7.This will make his departure even later than expected. John wanted to avoid this.  John wanted to avoid making his departure even later than expected.

19. Exercise 12, p. 118-119 (Read the notes on p. 117 about forget, try, remember, stop first!) 1.to avoid/ avoiding 2.talking 3.to pick up 4.to talk/ talking 5.smoking 6.to bring 7.playing, to prefer playing 8.eating

20. Exercise 13, p. 119 1.doing 2.doing 3.making 4.playing 5.singing 6.to keep busy 7.trying 8.to improve 9.practicing 10.to spend 11. collecting/ to collect 12. reading 13. writing 14. to be 15. reading about 16. making 17. decorating 18. making 19. carving

21. Exercise 14, p. 119 1.to fill 2.to stop 3.working on 4.watching 5.playing 6.to be forgotten 7.to be passed on 8.to prefer 9.to be 10.disappearing 11.doing 12.spending