1. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) Advanced Mobile Source Training Course MS 201 - Diesel Section V Planning for the Future: Round Table Discussion

2. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 2 Diesel Engine Life – the Biggest Unsolved Global Problem History – diesel engines have a total life of 40 – 50 years or more Light-duty diesel engines operate up to 1 million miles yet are originally certified for 100K-150K miles Heavy-duty engines operate up to 1 million miles as first life yet are originally certified for 450K miles Heavy-duty engines are rebuilt an average of 4 times during total active life Engine life will be extended with ULSD Over 200 million older diesel engines operating on- road and off-road in the world

3. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 3 Diesel Engine Life – How can States Help? ‘Out of the Box Thinking’ Talking Points PM mass emissions standards and tests What is needed to assure 2007 and 2010 Heavy-duty engines will be clean through their entire life Post-1998 electronic engines will be around for a long time –What paths are open to retrofitting all such engines with DPF or equivalent fine particle removal technology Pre-1998 engines are reported difficult to retrofit with DPF systems –Challenge this premise based on recent developments in ‘regeneration assist’ technologies How can detection of failed OE or retrofitted DPFs be detected in the field or via as an annual inspection program?

4. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 4 PM Standards and Tests – Could particle count (or surface area) and elemental carbon mass become an additional metric? PM mass is the current U.S. EPA PM metric and not likely to be changed, but confusing results have been encountered. PM mass is collected on a filter at 52 o C utilizing the CVS air dilution system –Water (H 2 O), sulfuric acid + seven water molecules or nitric acid, condensable organics, and solid particles consisting of soot, lube oil ash, wear metals and other inorganics Which particles are of concern? -- Solid particles, soluble organic particles, condensates, abrades? –Lung alveoli penetrating ultra-fine solid particles of diesel exhaust consist of virtually all of the solid particle surface and almost none of particle mass. PAH toxic HC are known to adhere to particle surface and are carried along with them –Elemental carbon mass concentration and particle count measurement techniques are developed and under study in the US Swiss VERT pioneered a comprehensive study Consider inviting experts such as D. Kittelesen, A. Konstandopolos, VERT, U.S. EPA, ARB and others for a seminar on this entire subject – health, air pollution, physical and chemical characteristics, analytical measurements, control technologies, standards and tests

5. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 5 What is Needed to Assure Post-2007 and Post-2010 HDE will remain clean for their entire life? Would 1 st life post-certification standards help? Consider annual ‘smoke puff’ opacity tests or reliable alternate for all vehicles and equipment with reporting requirements. –DPF element replacement if fails. Some States already conduct annual opacity tests Advocate development of new simple annual ‘smoke puff + NOx’ test to be ready for 2010 vehicles / equipment

6. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 6 Post-1998 Electronic Engine DPF System Retrofit Paths Post-1998 electronic engines will be around for a long time. What paths are open to retrofitting all such engines with DPF or equivalent fine particle removal technology –Filter ‘regeneration techniques’ have been developed to assure the periodic cleansing of collected soot. These widen the applicability of DPF systems to virtually all engine applications –The Swiss VERT Verified Particle-Filter List includes one or several regeneration techniques for each particle-filter system –Is there a way to recognize the VERT Filter List so regeneration techniques can enter into States strategies? –California has recognized the verified VERT Filter List with a caveat Is a mandatory engine rebuild requirement that requires a DPF an option?

7. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 7 Pre-1998 Engines – Can DPF Retrofit Plus ‘Regeneration Assist’ Methods be Used Conventional wisdom is that pre-1998 engines are difficult to retrofit with DPF systems. Therefore DOC retrofit is the fall back position DOC do not remove ultra fine lung alveoli penetrating particles – so not the ultimate solution Challenge this DPF retrofit premise based on recent developments in ‘regeneration assist’ technologies Progress in this area is being made by Swiss VERT Incentive plan/s to remove the ‘impossible’ engines from service Again, is a mandatory engine rebuild requirement that includes DPF system an option?

8. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 8 How to Deal with Older In-Use Vehicles / Equipment with / without Retrofitted DPF? Consider extending mandatory annual ‘smoke puff’ opacity tests or reliable alternate for all vehicles and equipment with reporting requirements For retrofitted vehicles - DPF element replacement if fails For non-retrofitted vehicles a smoke limit must be met. Information is obtained for the inventory. As DPF and ‘regeneration assist’ systems improve the ‘smoke puff’ information could be vital to extending the retrofit to older engines Some States already conduct annual on-road opacity tests

9. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 9 How Will This Help the Global Problem? Discussion. The cascade effect Wider market Reduce costs Technology improvements More affordable Responsible export of second-hand engines Other

10. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 10 The question of PM / Particle number Large particles are relatively few in particle number and total particle surface area but constitute almost all of the total mass. Large particles that deposit in the upper respiratory and nasal system are removed by natural processes Conversely ultrafine particles below 1 micrometer are present in very large numbers of very little mass but constitute 98% of the total particle surface area. A percentage of ultrafine particles, especially the 20 to 300 nm lung alveoli penetrating particles, deposit in the lung alveoli where they remain. Hydrocarbon condense and stick to very large ultrafine particle surface component and are carried along with them. PAH, for instance, is a great concern Which particles are worse? What particles need to be regulated?

11. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 11 Without particle filters lung alveoli penetrating particles are evident

12. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 12 Deposition of various size particle within the respiratory track

13. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 13 Lung alveoli particles are filtered by effective diesel particle filters

14. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 14 It is all about particle number and surface area

15. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 15 Some very small particles are formed after the filter The condensed volatiles found after the filter consist of water, sulfuric acid and combined water or sulfates created by the catalytic soot filter and condensable HCs that passed unconverted through the filter. ULSD almost eliminates the sulfur compounds. There is no worry about water. But more attention is being given to this area.

16. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 16 Particle mass (PMAG) and particle number (PZAG) test results can differ greatly Analysis showed solid elemental carbon removal to be highly efficient but the filter had become more active due to accumulation of catalytic additives during 2000 hour in-use

17. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 17 Total Particle Mass appears an incorrect metric. Particle Mass and Particle number ? Particle mass, elemental carbon mass, and particle count or surface appears to serve the need. European Union PMP have recommended this change.

18. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 18 Verification procedures are necessary to assure all filters are BACT

19. © 2005 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 19 Go to: Projects/Academy