1. David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2014 Myers’ Psychology for AP ®, 2e AP ® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2. Defining Consciousness

3. Consciousness –States of consciousness Sleep Wake Altered states = an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

4. Defining Consciousness

5. Hypnosis

6. = a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

7. Frequently Asked Questions About Hypnosis Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? –One theory is Postural sway can predict susceptibility to hypnosis https://youtu.be/sGBikH6E4C0

8. Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Yes, but they can also just as vividly recall “planted” memories

9. Can you be hypnotized against your will? In a general, it is you who decide to be hypnotized and enter into the trance state. In this case, nobody can hypnotize you if you don’t agree to be hypnotized. You can be hypnotized without your knowledge, however. In other words if you directly fight it NO, if you aren’t paying attention YES

10. Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will? Not if it objectionable to you but … In covert hypnosis, the hypnosis subject is not aware of being hypnotized, so a hypnotist can make irresistible commands to the subject and make him to do anything he wants. He or She can also phrase the request in a way that is not morally objectionable

11. – Hypnotherapy is the treatment of a variety of health conditions by hypnotism or by in ducing prolonged sleep. – Posthypnotic suggestion is a suggestion to be carried out after the subject “awakens” from the hypnotic state

12. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes, pain is a construct of the mind when it takes impulses from the nerves and processes them in the brain. It is logical then that a suggestion given to the brain can dampen these signals.

13. “Good hypnotic subjects” An expert hypnotist should be able to hypnotize ninety out of every hundred persons he may attempt to influence. Some of these will be affected much more readily than others, and with a few he will have great difficulty. The ten that he is unable to hypnotize may easily fall under the influence of other hypnotists. In general, people who follow directions well tend to make good subjects.

14. Social influence theory - Hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of a good hypnotized person

15. Dissociation - proposes that hypnotic phenomenon are produced through a dissociation within high level control systems. In other words functions of the brain can be separated so that some functions can go on as normal and some can be disrupted and block the other functions from representing themselves -Ernest Hilgard 1986

16. Unified Account of Hypnosis Many psychologists believe that hypnosis is a form of normal social influence and that hypnotized people act out the role of "good subjects" Other psychologists view hypnosis as a dissociation, an instance of the dual track mind in which normal sensations and conscious awareness are split. A unified account of hypnosis melds these views and studies how brain activity, attention, and social influences interact in hypnosis.

17. Posthypnotic Suggestion = a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

18. Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis

19. Hypnosis for reduction of anxiety… https://search.yahoo.com/search?p=hypno sis+videos&ei=UTF- 8&fr=w3i&type=W3i_DS,202,0_0,Search,2 0131043,20083,0,76,0

20. Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

21. Assign the Dream Log for the following week!

22. Complete The Fact or Falsehood Worksheet on Sleep

23. Circadian rhythm –24 hour cycle –Temperature changes –Circadian rhythm and age = the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

24. Weird fact…. In studies where the subject was put in a room with no natural light and was told to sleep when they wanted…eat when they wanted…after a week the subject was naturally on a 24.2 hour cycle. If we added artificial light to represent the rise and set of the sun the.2 was eliminated and the subjects could keep on a 24 hour cycle indefinitely. This was very important information when we were contemplating space travel…

25. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) = a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. (This response is triggered by the optical nerve receiving impulses)

26. Sleep We can tell by looking at brain waves the moment you fall asleep even if we are not aware of it ourselves. We sleep in 90 minute cycles throughout the night = periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

27. Types of Sleep: REM Sleep = rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. NonREM Sleep = non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

28. We measure activity during sleep using 3 basic methods: –Eye Movements –Muscle Tension –EEG Patterns- which measures brain waves

29. Gamma Waves - Are the fastest wave and are associated with deep concentration, for example when you are taking an AP Psychology test

30. Beta Waves Beta waves are also “fast” waves that most of us using during waking hours. It can be seen when we are completing tasks such as solving math problems, logic puzzles, or reading a book and the left side of the brain produces more of them.

31. Alpha Waves = the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. Such as when you are watching TV or listening to music.

32. Theta Waves They are the second slowest brain wave and can be seen in the early stages of sleep. Theta waves are also associated with periods of great creativity like daydreaming.

33. Delta Waves = the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. Very little outside stimuli is being processed by the brain with these brain waves.

34. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Sleep Stages

35. NonREM Sleep This includes: NREM1, NREM2, and NREM3 which are all the phases of sleep except REM sleep or the time when we dream.

36. NREM-1 = the first stage of sleep, normally lasting only a few minutes. You experience N1 as you are just drifting off to sleep. You may also experience random twitches in your skeletal muscles. These are called hypnic jerks. They can wake you as you fall asleep. *Both hypogagic hallucination and hypnic jerks are completely harmless, although they can be startling sometimes.

37. Hypnagogic Sensations = is the experience of the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep. Sensations can include strange noises, lights, or sensations, hallucinations, sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming (more like daydreams than real dreams since you are still using Theta waves)

38. NREM-2 Sleep Spindles may also be present in NREM2 and are normal although a very large number may indicate brain activity that is not normal and may indicate damage. = N2 is the second stage of sleep, and is characterized by a total loss of consciousness. You cease to be aware of any of your surroundings as you fall into a deep, restorative sleep. Sleep Spindle

39. NREM-3 = N3, also known as slow-wave sleep, was previously broken up into N3 and N4. Recently, it was discovered that there was no discernible difference between stages N3 and N4, so they were combined into N3. It is the deepest sleep out of all of the stages, so it is very difficult to wake someone in the N3 stage. Delta Waves are produced during this time Parasomnias (disruptive sleep disorders) like sleepwalking and night terrors typically occur in this stage. Typically you will experience another period of N2 before moving on to the REM sleep. Night Terrors are not real dreams since they do not occur during the right phase and are not characterized by the REM brain waves, some theorize that they are simply caused by a stimulation of the amygdala by chemicals which is why we are unable to remember what they were about.

40. REM Sleep Paradoxical Sleep- A term sometimes used as a synonym for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is the preferred term.

41. REM Rebound -Lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of REM sleep. Often occurs after a period of sleep deprivation. -The body requires REM sleep to survive so REM is being disrupted by something like sleep apnea or if you are pulled out of REM a lot by a new baby the body will force itself into REM more often and with greater force sometimes causing very vivid dreams.

43. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - is a tiny region of the brain in the hypothalamus situated directly above the optic chiasm. It is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in a 24-hour cycle

44. Melatonin -Your body has its own internal clock that controls your natural cycle of sleeping and waking hours. In part, your body clock controls how much melatonin your body makes. Normally, melatonin levels begin to rise in the mid- to late evening, remain high for most of the night, and then drop in the early morning hours. -Light affects how much melatonin your body produces. During the shorter days of the winter months, your body may produce melatonin either earlier or later in the day than usual. This change can lead to symptoms of Seasonal Effective Disorder or SAD. -Natural melatonin levels slowly drop with age. Some older adults make very small amounts of it or none at all.

45. Sleep Theories

46. Sleep theories –Sleep protects –Sleeps helps recuperation –Memory storage –Sleep and creative thinking –Sleep and growth

47. Lucid Dreaming = The cognizance that you are dreaming in the middle of a dream Many people can develop lucid dreaming and with practice can actually take control of the dream itself.

48. Watch Lucid Dreaming http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/lucid-dreaming-you- can-control-your-dreams/

49. Take “How Good Are My Sleep Strategies” Test

50. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders

51. US Navy Sleep Studies Even in the most adverse circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine can improve cognitive function, including vigilance, learning, memory, and mood state. When cognitive performance is critical and must be maintained during exposure to severe stress, administration of caffeine may provide a significant advantage. A dose of 200 mg appears to be optimal under such conditions.

52. NIH studies -“We’ve learned that sleep before learning helps prepare your brain for initial formation of memories,” says Dr. Matthew Walker, a sleep scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. “And then, sleep after learning is essential to help save and cement that new information into the architecture of the brain, meaning that you’re less likely to forget it.” -When you learn something new, the best way to remember it is to sleep on it. That’s because sleeping helps strengthen memories you’ve formed throughout the day. It also helps to link new memories to earlier ones. You might even come up with creative new ideas while you slumber.

53. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Effects of Sleep Loss

54. Effects of Chronic Sleep Loss

55. Insomnia = recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

56. Narcolepsy = a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. http://www.cnn.com/videos/health/201 5/02/04/pkg-oklahoma-narcolepsy- viral-video.kfor/video/playlists/must- see-viral-videos/

57. Sleep apnea = a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

58. Night terrors Night terrors are sleep disturbances in which a child may suddenly bolt upright in bed, cry, scream, moan, mumble, and thrash about with her eyes wide open, but without being truly awake. Because she's caught in a sort of a twilight zone between being asleep and being awake, she's unaware of your presence and isn't likely to respond to anything you say or do. In fact, researchers think of night terrors as mysterious glitches in the usually smooth transitions we make each night between sleep stages. As many as 6 percent of children have night terrors at some point, typically beginning in the toddler and preschool years and continuing up to age 7 or even adolescence. An episode can last anywhere from five to 45 minutes, and when it's over your child falls back to sleep abruptly with no memory of the incident. They occur in NREM-3 and are actually not dreams!

59. Sleepwalking/sleep talking (Somnambulism= sleep walking) -The body produces acetylcholine to paralyze the muscles which boosts emotions thus intense dreams that aren’t acted out even though you feel like your running, swimming etc. because the other chemicals aren’t there to say your muscles aren’t really moving -Sleep walkers are an unexplainable occurrence but it may have to do with not enough acetylcholine being produced, it is ok to wake them, however, especially if they are in dangerous etc. just do so gently -All of us talk, laugh, sing, cry, groan, etc in our sleep some just do it more frequently than others and no we don’t remember it when we wake up -Talking in your sleep also does not always correlate with your dreams, why? We haven’t a clue! The latest theory though is that another part of the brain apart from the area in control of the dream has separately taken control of the speech ability http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/sleep- talking-talk-show-circuits-9630456

60. Dreams

61. = a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

62. Manifest content = according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

63. Latent content = according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). For Instance: School Bus -To see or ride a school bus in your dream suggests that you are about to venture on an important life journey needed for your own personal growth. -To dream that you drive a school bus indicates that you like to take charge of others and watch out for their best interest. http://www.dreammoods.com/dreamdictionary/s.htm

64. Watch the 55 min Nova video “REM Sleep Documentary What Are Dreams?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuQ17pIyIq8

65. Dreams Why We Dream To satisfy our own wishes To file away memories To develop/preserve neural pathways To make sense of neural static To reflect cognitive development

66. Dreams Why We Dream

67. Please fill out the Dream Theories Chart Using the Following Slides

73. Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

74. Tolerance and Addiction

75. Substance Use Disorder = continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

76. Psychoactive Drugs = a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

77. Tolerance = the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.

78. Addiction = compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences.

79. Withdrawal = the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior.

86. Take Internet Addiction Survey

87. Types of Psychoactive Drugs

88. Depressants = drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

89. Alcohol Use Disorder = (popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

90. Alcohol Disinhibition Slowed neural processing Memory disruption Reduced self-awareness and self- control Expectancy effects

91. Barbiturates = drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Legal use: treating anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy and delirium tremens (severe alcohol withdrawl) and can be used in anesthetics.

92. Opiates = opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

93. Stimulants = drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

94. Caffeine Symptoms of overdose Irritability nervousness rapid heartbeat trouble sleeping Although common in tea and coffee with the new high energy drinks comes the possibility of caffeine over dose.

95. Amphetamines = drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

96. Nicotine = a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco. E-cigarettes/electronic cigarettes Electronic Cigarettes are battery operated devices that have been developed as an alternative to normal cigarettes. These are made up of a heater, a battery and a cartridge that contains a solution of propylene glycol, nicotine and some other chemicals. It gives a smoker the apparent effect of nicotine intake without delivering the toxic elements like Tobacco, Carbon Monoxide and Tar that harms the lungs. There is bad breath or yellowing of teeth either. However propylene glycol is used in antifreeze and the nicotine element is still present.

98. Cocaine = a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria. The rock form of cocaine is called crack, Cocaine is often cut with other substances to increase profit on the street, most common is talcum powder but one dealer was found to be cutting it with a white powdered bathroom cleaner

99. Types of Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Cocaine

101. Methamphetamine = a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

102. Ecstasy (MDMA) = a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. Most commonly known as a rape drug this can be slipped into an unattended drink at a club

103. Hallucinogens = psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

104. LSD = a powerful hallucinogenic drug (lysergic acid diethylamide). Commonly known as acid this drug is often dropped onto tissue paper with colorful designs to designate the dealer and to make the product more appealing

105. Near death experience = an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as by cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=WjkRD-XA3V4

106. THC/Marijuana = the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

107. Please Complete the Drug Chart as we go through the following Slides

117. The End