1. Chapter 23: An Era of Social Change

2. The Latino Fight for Equality Struggles And BackgroundActions Tripled to 9 million in the 60s Mexican Americans was the largest group with many Cubans and Puerto Ricans Faced poor Living Conditions Faced discrimination Cesar Chavez organized Mexican American farmers into a union to boost wages and improve working conditions Chavez also organized a boycott on grapes. Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act in 1968 after being pressured for more recognition of Hispanic culture. It funded bilingual programs for students who didn’t speak english Latinos organized politically getting Latino candidates for offices https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SzGvU_NAek4

3. What did Native Americans want? Wants: Preserve their own culture The right to choose their own way of life (Declaration of Indian Purpose) The government to fund educational and cultural centers Draw attention to Indian rights and promote reforms Background: Native Americans are viewed as a single homogenous, despite the hundreds of tribes across the nation Natives have stuck to their heritage through the years, refusing to blend with mainstream society. Lived in poverty with economic hardships Eisenhower’s efforts to help didn’t respect their culture, only moved them into the cities The police force was unfair to American Indians in Minneapolis The Logo of AIM (American Indian Movement), created to protest unfair treatment JFK promised, “There would be protection of the Indian land base, credit assistance, and encouragement of tribal planning for economic development.” Mackenzie Brooks

4. Who are Latinos?  Americans that have a heritage of Latin American  Very diverse group  Tripled to more than 9 million people in the 1960's.  Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.  Poor Living Conditions  Barrios, Southwest, California  Discrimination Nate Dickerson

5. What Did Latinos Do to Fight for Equality?  1960's they started to demand equal rights  Respect for Heritage and Culture  Cesar Chavez  Mexican American Farm Workers  Wages and Working Conditions  Boycott of Grapes  Union was recognized and respected

6. What did America do in Response to the Latinos?  Bilingual Education Act 1968  Political Roles  Hispanic Candidates organized for office  People became more aware  Greater Recognition and Appreciation  Equal rights and wages

7. Indian struggles in the 1960’s  Viewed as a “homogeneous group”  The highest unemployment in America at the time  Poor health care  Higher death rate than the average American  Lack of autonomy (Self government)  Trouble “fitting” into mainstream society  Poorest minority group  Police brutality  “Made up 70% of city’s jails” (HA) Grace Enright

8. What Indians wanted  Respect towards the Indian culture and way of life  Restoration of Native American land, burial grounds, fishing and timber lands  For the American government to respect the treaties it has created in its past  Self determination for their future as a culture

9. What happened for Indians  1954- Eisenhower administration creates ‘Termination” Policy: Indians were relocated from reservations to urban city life(relocation Act), and the termination policy ended the Governments direct help towards Indians  1961- 61 native American representatives sign declaration trying to end the termination policy, and stressed idea of Natives making money on reservations  1968- The Indian Civil Rights Act is passed by congress  1968- American Indian Movement (AIM) is born (defense group against police brutality, soon began protecting rights of northern/western state Natives)  1972- AIM holds “trail of broken treaties” protest march seeking restoration of land and abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)  1975- Congress passed Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act  1970- the Taos of New Mexico regained possession of Blue Lake, and forestlands  1971-Alaska Native Claims Settlements Act passed

10. The Successes of the Women's Movement in the 1960s  1960s: reawakened feminist movement  1964: Civil Rights Act banned discrimination based on gender  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): opposed job discrimination against women, didn't pursue vigorously  "When the EEOC did not pursue women's complaints vigorously, Fredan and others formed the National Organization for Women (NOW) to actively seek equal rights" (Americans)  EEOC responded, declaring gender specific job ads illegal and preventing women being turned down for "male jobs"  1973: Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision, women can choose abortion

11. The Failures of the Women's Movement in the 1960s  ERA(Equal Rights Amendment):  March, 1972- Approved by congress, sent to states  35 states voted for it  Conservative backlash in mid-70s  Didn't meet 38 state ratification necessity  Discrimination in the Workplace:  1960- 40% women worked outside home  Jobs closed to women  Paid less than men

12. 4. What caused the downfall of the counterculture and what lasting value did it have? Counterculture of the 1960’s " counter culture" opposed American conformity after WWII Hippies believed American society had grown too materialistic Hippies opposed society and left to live in communes Their new lives consisted of rock ‘n roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs

13. 4. What Caused the Downfall of the Counterculture and What lasting Value did it have? The Downfall of Counterculture Violence in communes and rock music casted a shadow over counterculture People left on the street, no determination Continued drug use lead to deaths and many problems People went crazy and broke from addiction Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix both died of drug overdoses

14. 4. What Caused the Downfall of the Counterculture and What lasting Value did it have? The Lasting Value of Counterculture The world’s art and fashion were influenced by counterculture Blue jeans, popular among hippies, are an American fad still popular today rock ‘n roll music still lives and influences our music today

15. What lasting value did counterculture have?  Arts and fashion based off of hippies  Music as in Rock 'n' Roll continued to be popular  Woodstock in 1969 in New York state  400,000 people attended  The Beatles propelled the lasting value of rock 'n' roll  Outfits of hippies found its way into American wardrobes