1. Social Identity

2. Rules of Culture Language –Written and body movement/gestures Italians & Jews embellish speech with hand movements –Larger radius  Italians Smile is universal –When do they differ? When is a smile appropriate? –US smiles more: often seen as a mask –Japanese smile to hide other emotions that are considered incorrect in public (anger, embarrassment)

3. Hall & Hall, 1990 Method: Survey Participants: German and American business men Conclusion –American views of German business men Germans smile less  Seen as cold and aloof –German views of American business men American smile a lot  Hide their real feeling under a mask of a smile

4. High & Low Context Cultures Differ in how much attention is given to the context of a conversation High-context cultures (Japan & Middle East) –Close attention to nonverbal communication –Assume a shared context (common history and attitudes) –Example: Too direct  “No, I can’t do that’ vs. “That is difficult”

5. Low-Context Cultures (Germany & Most of US) –Do not take shared context for granted –Emphasize direct verbal communication Triandis, 1994 –Verbal language  “If you do not move out of Kuwait we will attack you” –Body language  moderate and polite –Result Aziz from Iraq reported to Saddam Hussein that he was ”not at all angry. The Americans are just talking, and they will not attack”

6. Person vs. Social Identity Personal Identity –Sense of who one is Individual traits & unique history Social Identity Theory –Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender & social roles Why is Social Identity Important? –Self-Esteem 1.Need to be included in a larger, collective group 2.Need to feel differentiated from others

7. 4 Elements of Social Identity Categorization: We often put others (and ourselves) into categories. –Labeling someone a Muslim, a Turk, a Gimp or a soccer player are ways of saying other things about these people. Identification: We also associate with certain groups (our in-groups) –which serves to bolster our self-esteem. Comparison: We compare our groups with other groups –seeing a favorable bias toward the group to which we belong. Psychological/Positive Distinctiveness: We desire our identity to be both distinct from and positively compared with other groups.

8. Breakwell (1978) Method: Survey AIM/Hypothesis: study social identity of soccer fans Two groups –went to most games –did not go to games. Results –Those who did not go to games were the most vehement about their loyalty showed most in-group bias Why? –presumably as they had a greater need to prove themselves as fans.

9. More than one social identity? YES Some face the dilemma of balancing ethnic identity and acculturation –Ethnic identity Close identification with own racial, religious or ethnic group –Acculturation Identifying with and being a part of the dominate culture

10. Results of Dilemma 1.Bicultural Strong ties to ethnicity and large culture “I am proud of both my ethnicity, but I identify just as much with my country” 2.Assimilation Weak feelings of ethnicity, but a strong sense of acculturation “I’m an American, period.” 3.Ethnic separatist Strong ethnicity but weak feelings of acculturation “My ethnicity comes first; if I join the mainstream, I’m betraying my origins” 4.Marginal Connected to neither their ethnicity nor their dominant culture ‘I’m an individual and don’t identify with any group” or “I don’t belong anywhere’

12. ETHNIC IDENTITY ACCULTURATION STRONGWEAK STRONG BiculturalAssimilated WEAK SeparatistMarginal

13. What’s In A Name? Definitely an issue in the US –Many different cultures –Names imposed on them by the majority Can’t agree on a group label –Negro, Black, Colored People, African- American or Afro-American –Native American, American Indian –Asian Americans (All Asians?) –White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, European American

14. Here’s a page from the 1906 schoolbook New Complete Geography showing a number of various “races” and what they look like.New Complete Geography Social Science view today  One Race, the human race

15. Social Identity Theory Value and emotional significance attached to a group 1.Strive to maintain a positive self-concept AND social identity 2.Social comparison Make comparisons between groups to establish, maintain and defend positive in-group distinctiveness 3.Intergroup discrimination Uphold positive social identity

16. Tajfel, 1970 Aim –Investigate whether boys placed in random groups would display in-group favoritism and intergroup discrimination Participants: 64 British boys (14-15) –Knew each other before experiment Procedure (2) – estimate the # of dots –Artistic preference Only aware if they belonged to the same/different group DV: allocate Money

17. Results –Allocated more money to own group (in-group) Implications –In-group favoritism (SIT) is easily created and maintained Evaluation –Strengths Shows minimal group dynamics (random allocation of groups) –Limitations Artificial Did the boys view it as a game? If so, they are more competitive Follow-up research –Howarth, 2002

18. Howarth, 2002 AIM: show positive social identity Procedure: How do girls from Brixton define themselves Results –Positive view –Out-group view of Brixton  negative view of being from Brixton

19. Evaluation of SIT Strengths Assumes that intergroup conflict is not required for discrimination to occur –Supported by research –Explains “positive distinctiveness” –Maximize out-group differences Applicable to –Ethnocentrism, in-group favoritism, conformity to in- group norms, stereotyping Limitations Criticized for being artificial –Experiments are not real life In-group favoritism cannot explain violent behavior towards out- group SIT does not explain how social constraints (poverty- plays a bigger role in behavior than social identity