1. Parasitic Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii Josh Materi Graduating Class of 2015 University of Wyoming

2. Background on T. gondii Protozoan parasite Infects warm blooded animals via: – Undercooked meat – Food or water contaminated with cat feces – Blood transfusion – Organ transplantation – Transplacentally from mother to fetus Chronic infection with cysts typically found in skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes Two life stages: – Tachyzoite Fast growing, disseminating, acute stage – Bradyzoite Slow growing, cyst forming, chronic stage

3. Background on T. gondii Worldwide epidemic – > 60 million people infected in the U.S. Symptoms – Most people unaware of infection – Swollen lymph nodes – Muscle aches – Brain damage: seizures, encephalitis, brain lesions, etc. – Lung problems – Blurred vision – Stillbirth or miscarriage Immunologically compromised individuals are at greatest risk – Infants – Individuals with AIDS

4. Background on T. gondii

5. T. gondii Establishes a Chronic Infection Individual becomes infected Immune response controls infection Alteration in immune cells (CD8 T cells) causes the immune response to fail T. gondii excapes and establishes a chronic infection

6. Loss of CD8 T Cells means loss of… Host defense against intracellular pathogens that live or produce in the cell’s cytosol Immunological memory

7. What is happening to these CD8 T Cells? Cyst wall Activated CD8 T cell PD-1 Exhausting Activated CD8 T cell ExhaustedC D8 T cell PD-1 IFN  +, CTL Z Z Z Z PD-1 NK NK cells contributing immune exhaustion Suppress CD8 T Cells

8. What is happening to these CD8 T Cells? Cyst wall Activated CD8 T cell PD-1 Exhausting Activated CD8 T cell ExhaustedC D8 T cell PD-1 IFN  +, CTL Z Z Z Z PD-1 NK NK cells contributing immune exhaustion NK Suppress CD8 T Cells

9. Experimental Focus Exhausting Activated CD8 T cell ExhaustedC D8 T cell PD-1 Z Z Z Z NK NK cells contributing immune exhaustion Suppress CD8 T Cells Specific Aim 1: Determine if NK cells suppress CDB T cell function, thereby promoting immune exhaustion. Specific Aim 2: Define the mechanism by which NK cells contribute to immune exhaustion.

10. Experimental methods Infected mice with T. gondii 5 weeks post infection, administer NK cell blocking antibody for two weeks Flow cytometry

11. Findings After NK cell depletion: – CD8 T- cells were at a higher number – The overall health of the mice improved, increasing the life span

12. Hypotheses for NK mode of action 1.NK cells are suppressing CD8 T cell function by blocking IFN  +, CTL 2.NK cells are indirectly suppressing CD8 T cells by blocking other immune cells (APCs) 3. NK cells are killing the CD8 T cells

13. Significance of this research Potential cure for the millions infected with T. gondii Applicable to other chronic infections Better medical treatment of cancerous growths, which NK cells help regulate

14. Acknowledgments UW Gigley Lab: Dr. Jason Gigley Daria Ivanova David Donley Ryan Krempels Steve Denton Kaitlyn Weitzman Sari Mayhue David Stephenson David Rach Tyler Graham Funding INBRE

15. Questions?

16. Thank you for coming!!