1. 1960s This was the most dangerous decade. Fasten your seatbelts! It’s going to be a bumpy ride! National Debt 286.3 Billion Minimum Wage $1.00 Life Expectancy: Males 66.6 years Females 73.1 years

2. The U-2 Incident May 1, 1960

3. The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but were forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

4. On May 1, 1960 (fifteen days before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit conference in Paris), a U.S. Lockheed U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, left Pakistan intending to overfly the Soviet Union and land at Norway. The goal of the mission was to photograph ICBM development sites in and around Sverdlovsk and Plesetsk in the Soviet Union.

6. Attempts to intercept the plane by Soviet fighters failed due to the U-2's extreme altitude, but eventually one of the 14 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles launched at the plane managed to get close enough – altitude 70,000 feet According to a Soviet defector (Viktor Belenko), a Soviet fighter (MiG-19 interceptor) pursuing Powers was caught and destroyed in the missile salvo. Powers' aircraft was badly damaged, and crashed near Sverdlovsk, deep inside Soviet territory. Powers was captured after making a parachute landing.

8. Four days after Powers disappeared, NASA issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. The press release speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, even claiming that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties." To bolster this, a U-2 plane was quickly painted in NASA colors and shown to the media. (see photo).

10. After hearing this, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev announced to the Supreme Soviet (and hence the world) that a "spyplane" had been shot down,... whereupon the U.S. issued a statement claiming that it was a "weather research aircraft" which strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The White House, presuming Powers was dead, gracefully acknowledged that this might be the same plane, but still proclaimed "there was absolutely no deliberate attempt to violate Soviet airspace and never has been", and attempted to continue the facade by grounding all U-2 aircraft to check for "oxygen problems".

12. On May 7, Khrushchev dropped the bombshell: I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well... and now just look how many silly things [the Americans] [would] have said. Not only was Powers still alive, but his plane was essentially intact. The Soviets managed to recover the surveillance camera and even developed the photographs. Powers' survival pack, including 7500 rubles and jewelry for women, was also recovered.

13. Aftermath Powers is placed on trial as a spy.

14. Aftermath Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on August 19 and sentenced to 3 years imprisonme nt and 7 years of hard labor.

15. The Paris Summit between Dwight Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev collapsed. Eisenhower refused to make apologies over the incident, demanded by Khrushchev.

16. The exchange occurred on the Glienicke Bridge – the checkpoint between West and East Germany in Potsdam. Another result of the crisis was that the US Corona spy satellite project was accelerated. He served one and three-quarter years of the sentence before being exchanged for Rudolf Abel on February 10, 1962.

17. Effects of the U2 incident 1. The Paris meeting collapsed, and there was no Test Ban Treaty. 2. There was no discussion of the problem of Berlin - which led ultimately to the Berlin Wall. 3. The incident was seen as a defeat for the US - so they elected John F Kennedy as President because he promised to get much tougher on the Russians.

18. The Cuban Revolution Castro!

20. Until 1959, Cuba was ruled by a military dictator called Juan Battista. At this time Cuba was very dependant on the USA; there were many US banks and businesses on the island, as well as a massive US naval base at Guantanamo. Cuba’s main export was sugar, and the USA was their biggest customer.

22. All this changed in 1959; there was a Communist revolution in Cuba, and Battista was replaced by Fidel Castro. He severed all ties with the USA and turned to the USSR for aid and support.

23. The USSR signed a treaty of friendship and gave Castro massive aid, as well as agreeing to buy all his sugar.

24. Thus Cuba became a kind of Soviet satellite state on the USA’s doorstep.

25. China China breaks relations off with the Soviet Union! 1960

26. first nuclear bomb called "59-6", "59-6" China made remarkable progress in the 1960s in developing nuclear weapons. --In a thirty-two-month period, China joined the nuclear community of nations -- China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb (October 16, 1964), --codenamed 59-6 for the year and month that Nikita Krushchev refused to provide China with a prototype bomb, it was an implosion device weighing 1,550 kilograms.

27. China's first intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) launched its first nuclear missile (October 25, 1966), The DongFeng-3 (DF-3, NATO designation: CSS-2) is a single-warhead, single-stage, liquid-propellant ballistic missile – 30~40 remaining in service today.

28. and detonated its first hydrogen bomb (June 14, 1967). The thermonuclear device was codenamed Test No. 6. Yield 3.3 Mgt. (mega tons)

29. Kennedy elected president! 1961

30. Bay of Pigs

31. Bay of Pigs Invasion, unsuccessful attempt in 1961 to overthrow the government of the Cuban revolutionary and premier Fidel Castro by United States-backed Cuban exiles.Fidel Castro Increasing friction between the United States and Castro's socialist regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.Dwight D. EisenhowerCuba The operation was designed as a means of overthrowing the Castro regime without revealing US involvement in the operation. The plan originally called for the gradual build-up of anti-Castro forces within Cuba into a cohesive political and military unit capable of toppling Castro. However, the operation quickly escalated into plans for a full-scale invasion, with the budget expanding from US$4 million to US$46 million and the CIA training and supplying anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Guatemala. On April 15, two days before the invasion, CIA pilots bombed and destroyed part of Castro’s air force. They were preparing to complete the job on April 16 when Kennedy, for reasons that have never been properly explained, ordered a halt to the air strikes. On April 17 about 1,500 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the south coast of Cuba. Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to cross the island to Havana, but were quickly stopped by Castro's army. The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration, which was blamed by some for not giving it adequate air support and by others for allowing it to take place at all. The success of Castro’s forces secured the Cuban regime and pushed it closer to the Soviet Union,

32. April 17, 1961

33. Richard M. Nixon proposed it; Dwight D. Eisenhower planned it; John F. Kennedy approved it; the CIA carried it out... CIA planned and funded -- amphibious landing by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro

34. President Kennedy receives the Brigade 2506 flag in Miami in Dec. 29, 1962 and declares: "I promise to return this flag in a free Havana."

35. The Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations had made the judgment that Castro's shift toward the Soviet Union could not be tolerated, and moved to overthrow him. However, the invasion failed miserably and proved to be a major international embarrassment for the Kennedy administration.

36. The Berlin Wall

37. 1. Growing tension Kennedy tried to get tough on Communism. He financed the forces fighting the Communists in Vietnam and Laos In 1961 he helped an invasion of Cuba 2. Refugees West Berlin was wealthy and free. Many East Germans worked in West Berlin, and saw this. By 1961, 3 million had fled to the west through Berlin. by August 1961, the flow was 1,800 a day. 3. Sabotage The Russians claimed that the Americans used West Berlin for spying and sabotage

39. Obstacles such as pipes and barbed wire were put on top to prevent people from climbing over. The point of the wall was to stop people from moving from East Berlin to West Berlin. It had many guard towers which were equipped with machine guns.

40. From 1949 to 1961 around 2.5 million people moved from East to West Berlin. During 1961 no one made it from East to West Berlin, but 170 people died trying. Overall the Berlin Wall was very effective for the Soviet Union in keeping Germans in East Berlin.

43. Results of Berlin Wall 1. Berlin was split in two. Hundreds of East Berliners died trying to cross it. 2. America complained, but did not try to take it down – it was not worth a war. 3. The West became more anti-communist. The Berlin Wall is the Symbol of the Cold War!!!!

44. Cuban Missile Crisis October 14 – November 20, 1962 Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread... and we weren't counting days or hours, but minutes." -Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov

45. Causes 1. Superpower Tension 2. Fidel Castro’s Cuba 3.The Bay of Pigs

46. October 14 th – U2 spy plane took pictures of missile bases in Cuba Kennedy told ten days before operational

48. What to do? 1. Nuclear Strike? It would cause a nuclear war. 2. Conventional attack? There were Russian troops in Cuba, and it would probably lead to a war with Russia. 3. Use the UN? Too slow. 4. Do nothing? The missile bases were too dangerous. 5. Blockade? This would stop the missiles getting to the missile bases, but it was not a direct act of war.

49. 13 Days on the Brink!! October 22 - Kennedy announced that he was mounting a naval blockade of Cuba. October 23 - Khrushchev explained that the missile sites were ‘solely to defend Cuba against the attack of an aggressor’. October 24 Russia would get ready ‘a fitting reply to the aggressor’. 20 Russian ships were heading for Cuba. October 25 - The first Russian ship reached the naval blockade. It was an oil ship and was allowed through More Soviet ships approached the “quarantine line”. Missiles on Board!!! America wondered if Khrushchev had enough time to instruct the ship captains. Soviet ships stopped dead in the water after receiving a radio message from Moscow.

50. 13 Days on the Brink!! "We were eyeball to eyeball and the other guy just blinked." Secretary of State Dean Rusk Not out of the woods yet!!!! October 25 - Military alert was raised to DEFCON 2, the highest ever in U.S. history. The military could, at a moment's notice, launch an attack on Cuba or the Soviet Union. October 26 – US received a letter from Khrushchev. (letter one) The Soviets would remove their missiles if Kennedy publicly guaranteed the U.S. would never invade Cuba.

51. Then we received another letter from Russia. Demanding that we remove missile bases in Turkey. They were old and out of date. BUT!!!!! October 27 - Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev that US would lift the blockade And agree not to invade Cuba if Khrushchev would dismantle the missile bases. Kennedy also offered secretly to dismantle the Turkish missile bases.

52. Results 1.Khrushchev lost prestige – he had failed, but prevented nuclear disaster.

53. 2.Kennedy gained prestige. He was seen as the men who faced down the Russians. 3.Both sides had had a fright. The two leaders set up a telephone ‘hotline’ to talk directly in a crisis. 4.In 1963, they agreed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Cuba was the start of the end of the Cold War. 5.Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship, but America left it alone.

54. Vietnam

55. Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva. As a result of the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence, and Vietnam was temporarily divided between an anti- Communist South and a Communist North. In 1956, South Vietnam, with American backing, refused to hold unification elections. By 1958, Communist-led guerrillas, known as the Viet Cong, had begun to battle the South Vietnamese government. To support the South's government, the United States sent in 2,000 military advisors--a number that grew to 16,300 in 1963. The military condition deteriorated, and by 1963, South Vietnam had lost the fertile Mekong Delta to the Viet Cong. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson escalated the war, commencing air strikes on North Vietnam and committing ground forces--which numbered 536,000 in 1968. The 1968 Tet Offensive by the North Vietnamese turned many Americans against the war.

56. The next president, Richard Nixon, advocated Vietnamization, withdrawing American troops and giving South Vietnam greater responsibility for fighting the war. In 1970, Nixon attempted to slow the flow of North Vietnamese soldiers and supplies into South Vietnam by sending American forces to destroy Communist supply bases in Cambodia. This act violated Cambodian neutrality and provoked antiwar protests on the nation's college campuses. From 1968 to 1973, efforts were made to end the conflict through diplomacy. In January 1973, an agreement was reached; U.S. forces were withdrawn from Vietnam, and U.S. prisoners of war were released. In April 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the North, and Vietnam was reunited. Consequences 1. The Vietnam War cost the United States 58,000 lives and 350,000 casualties. It also resulted in between one and two million Vietnamese deaths. 2. Congress enacted the War Powers Act in 1973, requiring the president to receive explicit Congressional approval before committing American forces overseas.

57. Tet Offensive An offensive by Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnamese and U.S. positions in South Vietnam, beginning on Jan. 31, 1968, the start of Tet.

58. Yuri Gagarin First man in space

59. It became the first human to travel into space, as well as orbit the Earth. The Russians are pulling ahead in the space race!

60. Nuclear Test Ban August 5, 1963 On August 5, 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. ---banned nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water – DID NOT ban testing underground... Continued testing of atomic and then hydrogen devices lead to a rising concern about the effects of radioactive fallout. As knowledge of the nature and effects of fallout increased, and as it became apparent that no region in the world was untouched by radioactive debris, the issue of continued nuclear tests drew widened and intensified public attention.

61. Assassination of JFK November 22, 1963

63. Shortly after noon on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. By the fall of 1963, President John F. Kennedy and his political advisers were preparing for the next presidential campaign.

64. Lee Harvey Oswald Johnson being sworn in as president.

65. Brezhnev 1964

66. Khrushchev was ousted – Brezhnev became the new Soviet leader -ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. Both LBJ and Brezhnev were hard liners...

67. Czechoslovakia held peaceful demonstrations to end communism. Brezhnev sent Soma troops and tanks to crush the popular movement. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was forced to suppress all moves made towards democracy. But it finally had to surrender on December 9, 1989, in a revolution later called - "The Velvet revolution".

68. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9MBpdc6Jyw