1. OBJECTIVES 1. What are contaminants? 2. Classification; 3. Representatives. CONTAMINANTS

2. 1 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems 1564г. Paracelsus: “Everything is poison! Merely the dose determines the effect of a substance – poisonous or medicinal.” - Toxic substance and toxic effect -What is a contaminant? -Which substances are contaminants? -What we should look to avoid?

3. SubstanceAnimal, Route LD 50 {LC 50 } LD 50 : g/kg {LC 50 : g/L} standardized Waterrat, oral90,000 mg/kg90 Sucrose (table sugar)rat, oral29,700 mg/kg29.7 Monosodium glutamaterat, oral16,600 mg/kg16.6 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)rat, oral11,900 mg/kg11.9 Grain alcohol (ethanol)rat, oral7,060 mg/kg7.06 Table Saltrat, oral3,000 mg/kg3 Paracetamolrat, oral1,944 mg/kg1.944 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)rat, oral200 mg/kg0.2 Caffeinerat, oral192 mg/kg0.192 Nicotine rat, oral mice, oral 50 mg/kg 3.3 mg/kg 0.05 0.0033 Capsaicinmouse, oral47.2 mg/kg0.0472 Sodium cyaniderat, oral6.4 mg/kg0.0064 White phosphorusrat, oral3.03 mg/kg0.00303 Strychninehuman, oral1–2 mg/kg0.001 Aflatoxin B1 (from Aspergillus flavus)rat, oral0.48 mg/kg0.00048 Venom of the Inland Taipan (Australian snake)rat, subcutaneous25 µg/kg0.000025 Ricin rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral 22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg 0.000022 0.02 Dioxin (TCDD)rat, oral20 µg/kg0.00002 Batrachotoxin (from poison dart frog)human, sub-cutaneous injection2-7 µg/kg (estimated)0.000002 Venom of Hydrophis belcheri (Belcher's Sea Snake)mouse, intraperitoneal0.25 µg/kg0.00000025 Botulinum toxin (Botox)human, oral, injection, inhalation1 ng/kg (estimated)0.000000001

4. 3 - Terms: - acute toxicity – toxic response induced by single exposure (intake) of toxic substances (ex. HCN – 50-60 mg); lethal dose - LD 50 - chronic toxicity – continuous (prolonged) exposure (intake) of toxic substances; tumor dose - TD 50 - MTD (maximum tolerated dose) - ADI (acceptable daily intake) CONTAMINANTS 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems !

5. 4 CONTAMINANTS 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems

6. 5 CONTAMINANTS 1. Food toxicology, terms, perspectives and problems

7. 6 2. Classification 2.1. Inherent toxicants: a). Natural components of the foodstuffs; b). Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs: - with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites; - with non-microbial, plant or animal origin as a result of consumed toxicants by the organisms. 2.2. Contaminants by human activity: a). Food additives; b). Agrochemicals and residue; c). Toxic metals; d). Substances derived from packings; e). Toxicants that are formed during food preparation; f). Toxicants resulted from incidents. CONTAMINANTS

8. 7 3. Representatives 3.1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3.1.1. Plant - protease inhibitors - hemagglutinins (lectins) - saponins solanine CONTAMINANTS

9. 8 3.1.1. Plant - cyanogenic substances Amygdalin - in bitter almonds (but not in sweet almonds) cherries, apples, plums, peaches, apricots. CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives 3.1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites Dhurrin - sorghum varieties Linamarin - leaves and roots of cassava, lima beans, flax.

10. 9 - phytoalexins - act as toxins to the attacking organism Allixin (from garlic) - anti-oxidative effects, anti-microbial effects, anti-tumor promoting effects, inhibition of aflatoxin binding. - others gossypol – cotton seeds CONTAMINANTS 3.1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites 3. Representatives 3.1.1. Plant

11. 10 3.1.2. Animal - Toxins produced by marine animals tetrodotoxin – pufferfish (fugu); extremely toxic Ocadaic acid (phycotoxin – toxin produced by phytoplanktons) CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives 3.1. Naturally present contaminants in foodstuffs with microbial, plant or animal origin derived as natural metabolites

12. 11 3.1.3. Mycotoxins CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives ToxinProducerSourcesToxic effect AflatoxinsAspergillusNuts, cereals, oilseeds Hepatotoxicity, liver cancerogenic substances (animals) Sterigmato cystin Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor CerealsHepatotoxic and cancerogenic for rat’s liver Ochratoxin A. ochraceus, P. verrucosum and P. carbonarius Cereals, coffee beans, animals meat Toxic effect on rat’s kidneys Patulin Aspergillus, Peni cillium and Bysso chlamys sp. Apples, cereals etc. Inflammatory processes, toxic effect on rat’s kidneys FusariumFusarium sp., Gibberella sp. Cereals infertility, abortion (swine); Sex disorders; 1930s Fusarium- contaminated wheat flour baked into bread-alimentary toxic aleukia (60% mortality rate)

13. 12 3.1.3. Mycotoxins CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives Ochratoxin A Zearalenone Patulin Aflatoxin B1 Sterigmatocystin

14. 13 3.1.4. Microbial Botulinum toxin-BTX (Clostridium botulinum); tetanus toxins – tetanospasmin, tetanolysin (Clostridium tetani); Staphylococcus aureus toxins, Escherihia coli etc. DL 50 estimated for humans 1.3÷2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10÷13 ng/kg when inhaled. CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives Botulinum toxin Arnon, Stephen S.; Schechter R; Inglesby TV; Henderson DA; Bartlett JG; Ascher MS; Eitzen E; Fine AD; Hauer J; Layton M; Lillibridge S; Osterholm MT; O'Toole T; Parker G; Perl TM; Russell PK; Swerdlow DL; Tonat K; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense (February 21, 2001). "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management" (PDF, 0.5 MB). Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (8): 1059–1070.

15. 14 3.2. Contaminants by human activity 3.2.1. Food additives: - nitrates, nitrites; - sulfites; 3.2.2. Agrochemicals and residues - pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, hormones, antibiotics 3.2.3. Toxic metals - lead, mercury, arsenic, tin, aluminium... CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives

16. 15 3.2.4. Substances derived from packings – tin, lead, benzophenone (UV- protection of plastics)-allergen, bisphenol A (obtaining of plastics, polycarbonates (CDs, DVDs) and epoxy resins); Perfluorooctanoic acid ( microwave popcorn bags; PTFE (Teflon) Perfluorooctanoic acid Bisphenol A CONTAMINANTS 3.2. Contaminants by human activity 3. Representatives

17. 16 3.2.5 Others – radionuclides, benzopyrenes, dioxins, PCB - polychlorobiphényles benzo[a]pyrenes dioxins 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin PCB - polychlorinated biphenyls (TCDD) CONTAMINANTS 3. Representatives 3.2. Contaminants by human activity Irish pork crisis of 2008

18. 17 4. Other aspects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6v8eqEsoKYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6v8eqEsoKY – food fraud CONTAMINANTS