1. Health Effects of Environmental Agents ENVR430 (Formerly ENVR130) http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/envr/430/001/ Monday Wednesday Friday, 1 to 1:50 pm Hooker 0003 Course director, L.M. Ball lmball@unc.edu, 6-7306lmball@unc.edu

2. Toxicology

3. Microbiology

4. Review

5. Environmental Health Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future generations. Pew Environmental Health Commission

8. National Environmental Health Association NEHA www.neha.org National Center for Environmental Health NCEH www.cdc.gov/nceh/default.htm National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences NIEHS www.niehs.nih.gov

9. Environmental Scientists and Specialists Conduct research or perform investigations for the purpose of identifying, abating or eliminating sources of pollutants or hazards that affect either the environment or the health of the population. Utilizing knowledge of various scientific disciplines may collect, synthesize, study, report, and take action based on data derived from measurements or observations of air, food, soil, water and other sources U.S. Department of Labor

10. Environmental Agents Microbial Chemical Physical

11. Physical Hazards Heat Cold Trauma Radiation –Ionizing radiation (radioactivity) –Non-ionizing radiation X-rays UV Infrared Microwave Radio Electromagnetic

13. Chemical Hazards “Naturally-Occurring” “Anthropogenic”

14. Naturally-Occurring Chemicals Microbial toxins –Bacterial toxins Botulinus toxin (Clostridium botulinum ) Shigatoxin (Shigella dysenteriae ) –Fungal toxins (mycotoxins) Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea) Aflatoxins (Aspergillus spps)

16. Plant Constituents Alkaloids –Atropine –Solanine Pigments Methane Terpenes Urushiol Atropine

17. Animal Constituents Alkaloids Snake venom Ciguatoxin

18. Combustion Products Gases Hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Phenanthrene Benzanthracene Benzo[a]pyrene

19. Minerals Soil dust (including e.g. Ca, Al, Si) Leaching into groundwater –Selenium –Arsenic

20. Anthropogenic Chemicals Inadvertent introduction Deliberate use

21. Inadvertent introduction Industrial by- products Insulators Effluents Wastes Spills Improper disposal

22. Industrial solvents Aromatic hydrocarbons Chlorinated hydrocarbons

23. Drinking water disinfection by-products Trihalomethanes –Chloroform CHCl 3 –Bromodiloromethane CHBrCl 2 –Dibromochloromethane CHBr 2 Cl –Bromoform CHBr 3 Haloacetic acids –Trichloroacetic acid CCl 3 -COOH –Dichloroacetic acid CHCl 2 -COOH –Dibromoacetic acid CHBr 2 -COOH

24. Combustion products Gases: CO, CO 2, O 3, peroxyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides (N 2 O, NO, NO 2 ), sulfur oxides (SO 2, SO 3 ) Particulate matter Hydrocarbons Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

25. Deliberate use Pesticides Fertilizers Food additives Plasticizers Pharmaceuticals Waste disposal

26. Insecticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophosphates Carbamates

27. Herbicides Broad-spectrum Broad-leaf Grassy-leaf

28. Fertilizers Nitrates Phosphates

29. Food additives Anti-oxidants Anti-microbials Sweeteners Other flavoring agents Coloring agents Humectants Anti-caking agents

30. Plasticizers

31. VIRUS 0.1 μm (100 nm) BACTERIUM 1 x 2 μm PROTOZOAN 5 μm NANOPARTICLE <100 nm Red blood cell