1. The Civil War American Anthem Chapter 4

2. Federal Supremacy vs. States’ Rights Nullification –State’s right to disregard laws passed by the federal government –VA and KY Resolutions Alien and Sedition Acts Tariff of Abominations –Favor Northern factories –Decrease British-made cloth, a main buyer of Southern cotton –Raised in 1816, 1818, 1824, and 1828 –Southern resistance

3. Federal Supremacy vs. State’s Rights, cont. Tariff of Abominations –John C. Calhoun Andrew Jackson’s VP South Carolina –Right to nullify acts of Congress that states deem unconstitutional Tariff favors one sections of the country at the expense of another Ideas treasonable?

4. Missouri Compromise, 1820 Questions about slavery in Western territories Missouri Compromise –1819: apply for statehood as a slave state –Missouri: slave –Maine: free –Territory from LA Purchase north of 36°30’ would be closed to slavery –Solve crisis?

5. Compromise of 1850 Mexican War (1846- 1848) – territories gained Henry Clay proposed –California: free –AZ, NM, UT, NV: popular sovereignty –Abolish slave trade in Washington, DC –Fugitive Slave Act North would assist in the capture and return of escaped slaves

7. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Dred Scott a slave from Missouri Owner took him to free state, Illinois – lived in a free state, is he free? Courts Decision –African Americans not citizens and can not sue –Slaves are property –Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because it banned slavery in free territory and you can not deny slave owners their property Impacts –North’s Reaction –South’s Reaction

8. Western Expansion and Slavery Missouri Compromise Location of Kansas and Nebraska Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act, 1854 –Missouri Compromise not apply here –Popular sovereignty

9. Kansas-Nebraska Act Popular sovereignty “Bleeding Kansas” –Fighting broke out in Kansas between proslavery settlers (S), and antislavery settlers (N) “Bleeding Kansas” an omen of Civil War?

10. Rise of the Republican Party Fall of Whig Party –Did not take a stand on slavery –Compromises force party to take stand  divisions –Northern Whigs join Know-Nothing Party Also known as American party Campaign against immigration and Catholicism Henry Clay, Founder of the Whig Party

11. Rise of the Republican Party, cont. Founded in 1854 by antislavery groups Support from North and West Popularity –John Brown’s Raid –Dred Scott decision Platforms –Keep slavery out of West –High protective tariff to protect Northern industry –Transcontinental Railroad

12. Abraham Lincoln Early Life –Opposed expansion of slavery –Lawyer, state legislator Lincoln-Douglas Debates –Stephen Douglas popular sovereignty Denounce Dred Scott? Won election (Senate) Gave Lincoln great visibility –“House Divided”

13. Election of 1860 Republicans –Lincoln Democrats –Douglas Southern Democrats –John Breckinridge Constitutional Union –John Bell Result

14. Lincoln’s Inaugural Address, 1861 Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so..." … the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming Administration.

15. Secession of the South Cultural and Economic Differences –Values of an earlier time on plantation versus new lifestyles of industrialized North –Tariffs – opinions of Regional Loyalties –No underlying sense of Nationalism –States rights Belief in Easy Southern Victory –North not go to war, need cotton for mills –Foreign demand for cotton would mean the South would have plenty of allies Lack of National Leadership –Weak presidents and national leaders not able to unify the nation Slavery as a Moral Issue –North saw slavery as immoral whereas even Southerners without slaves supported the institution

16. Efforts of Compromise South Carolina seceded from the Union one month after Lincoln is elected Crittenden Proposal –Federal protection on slavery below the 36°30’ Allow slavery in any southern territory Lincoln rejected the plan By spring 1861, 11 states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America –Loose central government

17. Fort Sumter April, 1861 US held fort in harbor off Charleston, SC SC demanded its surrender –Lincoln refused Southerners bombard fort Opening of Civil War –South: fight for independence –North: restore Union and put down rebels

18. Military Strategy North –Huge advantage in troops and equipment –Economic resources for a long war South –Defender of territory –Better short term army Lincoln’s Strategy –Capture the Mississippi River –Divide South between West and East –Blockade seas: stop export of cotton/import of supplies My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that….1862

19. Resources of the North and South UnionConfederacy Population22 million6 mil. (f); 3 mil. (s) Econ. Resources70% nation’s $$Cotton! Strategic PositionLaunch offensesDefensive MoralePoor; troops farGood; support PreparationUnder trainedMilitary tradition Military LeadersMcClellan; GrantLee; Stonewall Naval StrengthBlockade SouthFew ships PresidentAbraham LincolnJefferson Davis Foreign AffairsLegitimate gov’tLack of support

20. Major Battles South won early major battles Antietam, 1862 –Union general stop Robert E. Lee (C) –France and Britain decide not to intervene –Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation

21. Major Battles Gettysburg, 1863 –Lee attempted to invade North to gain supplies –Union stop South’s only attempt to invade the North Vicksburg, 1863 –Ulysses S. Grant forced the Confederates to surrender a key port on Mississippi River –Blocked South’s supply route from Texas

22. Major Battles Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 –Campaign of destruction from Tennessee to Georgia coast, north to Carolinas –Destruction of civilian property as wartime policy Richmond and Appomattox –Richmond, 1865 Confederate Capital; Union army taken over –Appomattox, April 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant at courthouse

23. Appomattox Who is included in this historical marker and who is left out? What does the marker say about what the Civil War was fought over? This monument outside Appomattox Court House in Appomattox County, Virginia marks the site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War. It was erected in 1929 by a memorial group that placed a total of 25 markers on Civil War battlefields in Virginia. The original marker ended with the words "to 118,000 men under Grant," but no one knows who removed that reference to the conquering Union army, or when it was removed.

24. Impact on the Homefront Civil Liberties –Suspend writ of habeas corpus – 15,000 people arrested and held without a trial –Checks and balances? Women’s Role –Factory workers – fill in gap left by men –25 cents/ day –Clara Barton  American Red Cross

25. Wartime Policy Finances –South Oppose taxes (state’s rights) Little gold –North Tariffs “greenbacks” – paper money Government bonds Soundness of ‘national’ currency Homestead Act, 1862 –Free public lands to those willing to settle them –160 acres for farming it for 5 years –Open up west

26. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Declared slaves in confederate states free Slaves in border states that had remained loyal can keep slavery Gave the war a moral basis Reluctant foreign aid to South because have immoral practices

27. Some Basics about the Emancipation Proclamation Declared "forever free" more than 3.5 million slaves in Confederate areas still in rebellion against the Union Promised that the federal government and military would "recognize and maintain the freedom" of the freed slaves Did not free almost half a million slaves in the border states loyal to the Union (Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky) and in some other areas under Union control Asked the newly freed slaves to avoid violence unless in self- defense and recommended that they work for wages Announced that African-American men could enlist in the Union army and navy Described these actions as "an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity"

28. After emancipation, many former slaves immediately searched for family members who had been sold away during slavery. They used whatever scant information they had and frequently placed advertisements like this in southern newspapers. SAML. DOVE wishes to know of the whereabouts of his mother, Areno, his sisters Maria, Neziah, and Peggy, and his brother Edmond, who were owned by Geo. Dove, of Rockingham County, Shenandoah Valley, VA. Sold in Richmond, after which Saml. and Edmond were taken to Nashville, Tenn., by Joe Mick; Areno was left at the Eagle Tavern, Richmond. Respectfully yours, SAML. DOVE. Utica, New York, Aug. 5, 1865-3m

29. Gettysburg Address Thousands of soldiers died at Gettysburg Lincoln’s speech: Union fighting not only for victory but also universal values “… that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth”

30. African Americans in the War Segregated units Union allow free blacks and emancipated slaves to serve – but not at first At first served non-fighting duties, then in 1863 began training for battles Originally paid $10/month with $3 removed for clothing; whites received $13/month with no money removed for clothes 180,000 African Americans joined Union Army –38,000 lost their life

31. Letter from a member of the 55 th Massachusetts Regiment Folly Island, S.C., October 15, 1863 Dear Brothers in Christ:... I pray God the time will soon come when we, as soldiers of God, and of our race and country, may face the enemy with boldness. For my part, I feel willing to suffer all privation incidental to a Christian and a soldier. This is the calmest day that I have witnessed on the Island. Since I have been here I have been for some weeks or more in bombarding the enemy’s forts. Thank God, we have silenced their batteries... I stood upon the parapets surrounding the “Swamp Angel,” (a large artillery gun) and saw men fall around me like hailstones. I stood fast and kept the men that were working upon them together as much as possible. The enemy fired shell and grape into us like hot cakes, but we kept at our work like men of God. In conclusion, let me say, if I fall in the battle anticipated, remember, I fall in defense of my race and country. Some of my friends thought it very wrong in me setting aside the work of the Lord to take up arms against our enemy... Another excuse or reason they offered was, that it is wrong to take that which you cannot restore, but I am fully able to answer all questions pertaining to rebels. If taking lives will restore the country to what it once was, then God help me to slay them on every hand... I.H. Welch Orderly Sgt.

32. 1864 poster was used to recruit African-American soldiers for the 20th Regiment, U.S. Colored Troops, a Union Army regiment based in New York state. Does the poster appeal more to personal or financial reasons for joining the army? What words or phrases make a personal appeal to join the army? What words or phrases make a financial appeal to join the army?

33. Lincoln in Richmond, 1865 Lincoln's entry into Richmond, Virginia on April 4, 1865, only a day after it had fallen to Union troops in the last major battle of the Civil War. The President and his son Tad made the short journey from Washington, D.C. to the former Confederate capital to tour the ruins and celebrate victory. Although they were formally escorted by twelve U.S. sailors, an eyewitness observed that in his two-mile walk around the city, Lincoln hardly saw his guards because he was "directed by negroes." Lincoln's enthusiastic reception by newly freed slaves represented the culmination of his gradual shift of the war's aims, a process made official when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

34. Lincoln’s Leadership Firm Political Purpose –Saving the Union Political shrewdness and courage –Make unpopular decisions Achievements –Kept the Union together –Freed 4 million people Assassination –April 1865 One of the greatest presidents?

35. Who freed the slaves? Did Lincoln free the slaves? Did the slaves free themselves? 1. Abraham Lincoln, as president of the United States and commander-in-chief of the Union army, played the decisive role by enacting the Emancipation Proclamation. 2. Slaves seized the opportunities provided by the Civil War to secure their own freedom – as fugitives from slavery, laborers for the Union army, and soldiers in battle against the Confederacy.

36. Why Reconstruction How do we rebuild the South? How should we admit them back to the Union? Civil War cost South –Property –3.5 million ‘workers’ North had two major problems –What do we do with rebel states? –What do we do with the newly freed slaves?

37. Plans of Reconstruction Lincoln –Equal status –10% state’s voters take an oath of allegiance –States had to guarantee the end of slavery Johnson –Same as Lincoln’s but added that the Southern states could deny Confederate leaders the right to vote Congress –Radical Republicans No state can deny citizenship to any native-born American No Confederate leader can hold office The US would occupy and govern the state until a new Constitution had been approved

38. Reconstructed Nation Northern Views –Political power in South  move there and win state elections –Power of Republican party Southern Views –Insulting to be controlled by North –Want a revived economy, control of own state government, and reduction of political power of Southern blacks –Carpetbaggers: Northerners who move South for profit –Scalawags: Southerners who support them

39. Civil War Amendments 13 th – Slavery illegal in every state 14 th – Citizenship can not be denied based upon race or previous condition of service –All citizens have due process –All citizens have equal protection of laws 15 th – Voting rights can not be denied based on race

40. Radical Republican Laws for the South Protect blacks and punish whites Freedmen’s Bureau –Help former slaves adjust to freedom –Encourage college attendance (education) Military Districts –5 districts –Military troops with a federal governor Readmission to Union –New constitutions must recognize the 14 th Amendment

41. An exchange between a Union military officer and a former slave in Arkansas FREEDMAN: Sir, I want you to help me in a personal matter. GENERAL: Where is your family? FREEDMAN: On the Red River. GENERAL: Have you not everything you want? FREEDMAN: No sir. GENERAL: You are free! FREEDMAN: Yes sir, you set me free, but you left me there. GENERAL: What do you want? FREEDMAN: I want some land; I am helpless; you do nothing for me but give me freedom. GENERAL: Is not that enough? FREEDMAN: It is enough for the present; but I cannot help myself unless I get some land; then I can take care of myself and my family; otherwise I cannot do it. Think about – What is the cost of freedom? How do we define freedom?

42. Impact of Reconstruction on Politics Newly enfranchised African Americans in South Carolina, who heavily outnumbered whites, were able to elect a black majority to the state house of representatives for every session but one during the Reconstruction era. Although whites who opposed Reconstruction policies often pointed to South Carolina as an example of corruption, the new state assembly passed laws ensuring funding for public education, securing the franchise for all men, and protecting civil rights.

43. The New South Farm Owners –Plantations broken up and sold into small farms –Majority of land owners white Tenant Farmers –Rent part of land –Farmer provide own resources Sharecroppers –Farm piece of land belonging to someone else –Give back percentage of goods to farmer –Debt

44. Freedman’s Bureau Report The average arrivals of Freedmen in transit from all parts of the state, Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina seeking their relatives and endeavoring to reach their homes have been fifty (50) per day, and twenty one thousand (21,000) rations have been issued to such persons during June and July on the ground of absolute destitution and inability to proceed further without such aid.... One hundred articles of clothing have been given to Freedmen since June 1st, the value of which was fifty dollars ($50.00). The whole of it was donated by the Agent of the Sanitary Commission and no supplies distributed from this office have apparently been more needed or better bestowed.... Many of those who followed Genl. Sherman from Georgia, suffering from the toilsome march, exposure and insufficient clothing & food died soon after reaching Port Royal, leaving friendless and unprotected orphans; of this class a large number subsist we hardly know how, mainly in Beaufort & it seems an imperative duty to provide for them some place of refuge. The benevolence of northern associations will secure clothing &c but the Govt should set apart from unsold property a building or buildings in which they can be property cared for.

45. Status of Freedman Hopes –Thaddeus Stevens  give land to free slaves –Belief that federal government would protect them Reality –Congress never act on land redistribution –Re-growth of white power (KKK) Role in Congress –Blacks elected to office during Reconstruction Former slaves –Champion for civil rights and federal aid to education

46. Emergence of Segregation Many white Americans regard black Americans as inferior Forbidden to ‘mix’ Jim Crow Laws –Established, 1890s –Enforced segregation –Applied to all areas of life Marriage Education Health care Public Accommodations Cemeteries Jobs

47. Struggle for Political Control Black Codes –Restrict the rights of former slaves Not carry firearms Not start a business Not be outside after sunset Restrictions on renting and leasing farmland Not travel without a permit

48. Civil Rights Cases Jim Crow Laws violate the 14 th Amendment (equal protection) Supreme Court rule that Jim Crow laws are constitutional because property owners have the right to choose customers

49. Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson President after Abraham Lincoln Disliked by Radical Republicans in Congress –Vetoed their legislation –Overruled his vetoes Tenure of Office Act –Congress tried to strengthen self –Need Senate approval for President to hire someone Impeachment –Impeached in House, not in Senate

50. End of Reconstruction South take back control, officially end 1877 Reasons –Changes in public opinion Focus on own affairs, not African American rights Value of troops in South? –Restore voting to Confederate leaders –Terrorist Groups KKK Federal government not enforcing Civil Rights

51. Official End of Reconstruction Election of 1876 –Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Won in military held Southern states –Samuel Tilden Democrat Military not present in South, would have won? Compromise of 1877 –Hayes = President –Remove troops from South