1. Describing Trends The priceincreased The population rose The ratewent up grew soared

2. Describing Trends The pricedecreased The population fell The ratedeclined dropped went down plummeted

3. Describing Trends The pricefluctuated The population were erratic The rate

4. Describing Trends The price remained steady The population stayed constant The ratestable stabilized

5. Describing Trends increasedsignificantly / substantially decreasedconsiderably dramatically swiftly / rapidly slightly / somewhat gradually / steadily quickly / slowly

6. Describing Trends There was a …in … There was a slow/gradual/significant/substantial increase/decrease/rise/fall in price of home products.

7. To describe increase an increaseto increase an expansion to expand a riseto rise a growthto grow a climbto climb a leapto leap

8. To describe decrease a decrease to decrease a fall to fall a dropto drop a decline to decline a collapseto collapse a plungeto plunge a dipto dip

9. To describe irregular changes to go up and down to fluctuate to be erratic fluctuations

10. To describe absence of change to stabilize to level out to become steady to remain stable stability no change

11. Adjectives and adverbs to describe short, fast or sudden changes dramatic/allysharp/ly sudden/lyabruptly to describe important, large changes substantial/lysteep/ly to describe important but not very large changes significant/lymarked/ly

12. Adjectives and adverbs to describe small changes slight/lyslow/ly noticeable/noticeably to describe changes that are slow and long gradual/lysteady/steadily sustainedgeneral/ly to describe changes that last a short time short-livedbrief/ly

13. Other useful expressions recoveryto recover a peakto reach a peak to show an upward/downward trend erratic movements to move erratically the main trend

14. Describing Trends – Practice Describe what happened to these things in Shanghai during the period 1980 to 2000. 1. birth rate 2. divorce rate 2. average age at marriage 3. average income 4. cost of living 5. exchange rate of local currency against $US

15. Describing Trends – Practice Describe the changes in John’s weight and height during the period 1980 to 2000. John 198019902000 weight (kg)446269 height (cm)135178178

16. Describing Trends – Practice

18. Describing quantities allalmost allthe vast majority manymostthe majority a lotquite a lotquite a few a fewonly a fewa minority a littleonly a littleonly a minority no (none)almost no

19. Describing quantities Answer the questions using words describing quantities. 1.How many people in your country eat rice every day? 2.How many people in your country watch football on television? 3.How many people in your country can speak English fluently?

20. Describing quantities 1.How many people in your country are unemployed? 2.How many people in your country read a newspaper every day? 3.How many people in your country own a computer? 4.How many people in your country go on holiday to other countries?

21. Describing quantities Words that specify numbers: overwell over slightly over about around approximately underwell underslightly under

22. Describing quantities 1.How many cars were produced in 2000? (21,320) 2.How many cars were sold in 2000? (19,333) 3.How many cars were produced in 2001? (29,120) 4.How many cars were sold in 2001? (25,196)

23. Writing a report - reference In the half-yearly estimates of… (Six Asian countries) are reviewed in… The chart compares / shows…

24. Writing a report - Analysis The comparison reveals a steady rise in … A has…, while B has grown rapidly The graph shows A as second only to B.

25. Writing a report - Conclusions The last (ten yeas) have seen (an improvement) in… It is clear that A has (risen) steadily as B has… The figures suggest/show that A’s situation is (serious).

26. Writing a report - Recommendation (The Government) needs to… As a first, we should… In view of this, we recommend…

27. Showing contrasts while: contrasting two related points. e.g. While 1998 saw sales grow substantially, there was little growth during the previous year.

28. Showing contrasts although: showing a stronger contrast. e.g. The dramatic increase in 1999 was welcome, although it was short-lived. Although less than half of households had a car ten years ago, more than three quarters own one now.

29. Showing contrasts even though: showing a still stronger contrast Even though many households still lack central heating, it is clear that living standards ate rising. 2001 saw an overall rise in sales, even though they were extremely erratic for most of the time.

30. Leisureworld Jarmon Report on use of extra land

31. Leisureworld Jarmon Reference In order to make a recommendation on how to use the extra land, we have studied a comparison of incomes received from holidaymakers in the Jarmon area. We have also examined the changes in incomes during the last six years.

32. Leisureworld Jarmon Analysis The comparison of incomes reveals a gradual increase of income received from holidaymakers at Leisureworld. While the income received from day visitors has dropped considerably and that from campers has remained stable over the past six years, there has been a welcome increase with income from holidaymakers at Leisureworld.

33. Leisureworld Jarmon Conclusion The last six years have seen an increase of holidaymakers to the Jarmon area generally. Even though income from day visitors may continue to decrease, it is clear that income from other sectors, particularly from holidaymakers at Leisureworld, will increase year by year.

34. Leisureworld Jarmon Recommendations In view of this, we recommend that we build more apartments and aim for more Leisureworld holidaymakers. We need to expand so as to attract and cater to more holidaymakers.