1. APUSH Chapters 40-42 1970-2000

2. Cesar Chavez Helped Latino workers unionize. Helped establish the National Farm Workers Organization which later merged with the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee.

3. La Raza Unida The American Latino movement led to the creation of La Raza Unida - Mexican Americans United. In the 1970’s La Raza Unida ran Latino candidates for office in five states.

4. Feminism In 1950 only one out of three women worked. That would change dramatically over the next 20 years. Women became more active - leading to the feminist movement.

5. National Organization for Women (NOW) Organization formed to pursue equality for women. Women wanted economic, political and social equality. NOW members pushed for child-care facilities so they could pursue their careers like men. Gloria Steinem – Leading feminist forms Ms. magazine

6. Roe v. Wade Famous Supreme Court case. The Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that woman have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.

7. E.R.A. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972. The E.R.A. would guarantee that both men and women would enjoy the same exact rights. 38 states needed to ratify the E.R.A. It has NEVER been ratified.

8. The Conservative Response Many Americans believed the country was losing its sense of right and wrong. “As we look at America, we see cities enveloped in smoke and flame. We hear sirens in the night. We see Americans hating each other.” – Richard Nixon at the Republican Convention in 1968. Nixon became President in 1968.

9. New Federalism Nixon hoped to decrease the size of the federal government. Nixon proposed giving more power to state and local governments. Revenue sharing – usually the federal government controlled how federal money was spent, but Nixon allowed local and state governments to dictate how money was spent. Nixon also revised LBJ’s welfare program through the Family Assistance Plan (FAP). Welfare recipients would be required to enter a job training program.

10. Southern Strategy Nixon immediately started thinking about re-election in 1972. He begin courting Southern Democrats by trying to reverse several civil rights policies. He delayed desegregation in South Carolina schools thus ignoring Brown v. Board of Education. He also attempted to stop or delay the integration of school busses.

11. Stagflation High inflation, high unemployment and sow economic growth. Caused by LBJ’s policies to fund the Vietnam War and reliance on foreign oil through OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Nixon tired to boost the economy by raising taxes and tromming the budget.

12. Foreign Policy Realpolitik – The theory of “political realism” – foreign policy should be based on power not on ideals or morals. Détente – A policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions with Russia. Nixon visits China in an attempt to strengthen relations with the rising Asian power. SALT I Treaty – Nixon visited Russia and the American and Soviets signed a 5-year deal to limit ballistic missile production.

13. Watergate June 17, 1972 - Burglary of the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. The burglars planned to photograph documents outlining Democratic Party strategy, and – place wire taps and bugs in their offices. The groups leader James McCord was a former CIA agent.

14. The President’s Men H.R. Haldeman – Whitehouse Chief of Staff. John Ehrlichman – Chief Domestic Advisor. John Mitchell – Attorney General. John W. Dean – Presidential Council. All four shared Nixon’s desire for secrecy and power.

15. The Cover-up Unravels John Dean revealed in court that Nixon was deeply involved. It was also revealed that Nixon had taped everything. Saturday Night Massacre – Several Nixon aides refused to cooperate and release the tapes – all were fired or resigned. Nixon finally released the tapes in the Spring of 1974.

16. Nixon Resigns August 8, 1974 – Nixon resigned as President just before a vote on impeachment. Eventually 25 members of the Nixon Administration were convicted and served prison terms.

17. Ford’s Rough Road Ford pardoned Nixon. Claimed it was in the countries “best interests.” Inherited a slumping economy with inflation at 10%. Also inherited an ongoing energy crisis as Americans dealt with rising oil costs. WIN – Whip Inflation Now.

18. Ford’s Foreign Policy Continued Nixon’s policy of negotiation with China and the Soviet Union. Dealt with ongoing turmoil in Vietnam. Ford asked Congress for financial aid to help South Vietnam – but Congress refused, thus South Vietnam fell in 1975.

19. Jimmy Carter Won the nation over with his “soft-spoken” southern ways. However, Carter had a strained relationship with Congress. Carter was not adept at “insider” deal making.

20. National Energy Act Carter was very concerned about energy conservation. He pushed through the National Energy Act which placed taxes on gas-guzzling cars and emphasized the development of alternative, renewable energy sources.

21. Carter’s Foreign Policy President Carter cut aid to Brazil and Argentina because those countries had imprisoned or tortured thousands of their own people. In 1977 Carter announced a plan to yield control of the Panama Canal – Congress approved by ONE vote. Camp David Accords - Carter was able to negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel, as Egypt President Anwar Sadat, Israel Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Carter met for 12 days at the Presidential retreat. VIDEO.

22. The University of California v Bakke 1973 – Allan Bakke applied to the UC Davis medical school. The school had a quota-based affirmative action plan that reserved spots for minorities. Bakke sued for admission. The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the quota-based system was unfair…however the court did argue that “the attainment of a diverse student body is a constitutionally permissible goal for an institution of higher education.” Schools could consider race, but they could NOT use quotas or use race as their ONLY factor for admission. VIDEO.

23. Iran Hostage Crisis 1979 – The Ayatollah Khomeini leads a Shi’ite uprising in Iran. Armed militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 hostages for 444 days. This crisis was the beginning of the end for Carter.

24. Environmentalism Rachel Carson – Author of ‘Silent Spring’ – warned of the dangers of pesticides. Earth Day was established in 1970. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was also founded in 1970.

25. Nuclear Energy Opponents argued that power plants and the wastes they produced were dangerous. Three Mile Island – A nuclear reactor malfunctions – 100,000 evacuated.

26. Conservative Momentum 1980 – Government spending on entitlement programs hits $300 billion. The New Right emerges and opposes issues such as: – Abortion – The E.R.A. – Affirmative Action (They called this Reverse Discrimination) – Court ordered School Bussing

27. 1980 Presidential Election Conservative Coalition – An alliance formed by conservative business leaders. Moral Majority – Consisted mostly of fundamentalist Christians such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson. Reagan wins the 1980 election in a landslide. Reagan Video Bio

28. Reaganomics “Reaganomics” relied on supply side economics. The theory was that if people paid less tax – they would save more money. Banks could then loan more money to businesses to improve productivity. The supply of goods would increase.

29. Trickle-Down Economics Reagan’s theory was that if you cut taxes for the wealthy – the money would “trickle down” to the rest of society and everyone would benefit.

30. Strategic Defense Initiative At the same time he was cutting taxes, Reagan increased defense spending. From 1981-1984 the Defense Department budget doubled. Reagan pumped billions into the SDI Star Wars missile defense system.

31. Judicial Power Changes During his eight years in office, Reagan appointed many conservative judges to the Supreme Court. This ended the liberal control of the Supreme Court which had started under FDR. The Supreme Court revisited many hot topics. In 1989 the Supreme Court restricted a women’s right to an abortion. The more conservative Supreme Court also imposed new restrictions on civil rights and the rights of arrested persons.

32. Deregulation Deregulation – the cutting back of federal regulation of industry. Reagan reduced the size and power of the federal government through deregulation. Reagan eliminated or cut – – Price controls on oil – Safety inspectors for nursing homes – The Budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Regulation over the airlines industry – The power of the Federal Communication Commission – Regulation of the savings and loan industry

33. 1984 Election By 1984 Reagan had established a large coalition of conservative voters. He defeated Walter Mondale in 1984 in a landslide.

34. 1988 Election Four years later the conservative tide continued as Reagan’s V.P. George H. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis in another landslide.

35. AIDS AIDS became the most troubling health concern of the 1980’s. AIDS – Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Transmitted through bodily fluids or shared needles.

36. Drug Abuse The Reagan administration launched the “War on Drugs” and the “Just Say No” anti-drug campaign. This has been a losing battle as illegal drugs today are as prevalent as they were in the 1980’s. Today 21 states have medical marijuana access.

37. Equal Rights Inequality between men and women was still noticeable. The ‘feminization of poverty’ – 57.8% of women were now part of the workforce, but women earned 75 cents for every dollar a man earned. 31% of female households lived in poverty. Equal Pay was put in place – pay based on level of education and workload

38. The Fight for Rights Continues The Reverend Jesse Jackson runs for President in 1984 and 1988. 1990 – L. Douglas Wilder becomes the nation’s first African- American governor. Latinos become the fastest growing minority group during the 1980’s. 1988 – Lauro Cavazos is appointed Secretary of Education.

39. Sunbelt, Rustbelt, Ecotopia From 1970-2000 many Americans moved from the Northeast to other regions of the U.S. Rustbelt – The North and Northeast – known for aging factories that were closing down. Sunbelt – The sunny south and southwest. Ecotopia – The West – known for its scenery and eco friendly attitude and environment.

40. The Cold War Ends 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes Secretary General of the Soviet Union. Initiates reform through: – Glasnost – new policy of “openness” in USSR. – Perestroika – the “restructuring” of the Soviet Union.

41. Berlin Wall Comes Down

42. Communism Battle in China Economic reform had started in China. Students in China demanded ‘freedom of speech’ during protests at Tiananmen Square. June 1989 – The Chinese government orders the military to crush the protesters.

43. Videos BBC Report Tank Man

44. Foreign Policy Troubles Nicaragua – Sandinistas vs. Contras. The Iran Contra Scandal – The U.S. Government secretly sells weapons to Iran. Persian Gulf War – The U.S. defends Kuwait in the Middle East.

45. 1992 Election

46. Bill Clinton The 1 st “baby-boomer’ to be elected President. Won the presidency at age 46. Won with just 43% of the popular votes. Bush received 38%. 3 rd party candidate Ross Perot won 19%. Video Bio

47. Economic Boom During the first four years Clinton balanced the budget and the economy soared with low unemployment. The 1 st Lady Hillary Clinton led the campaign for health- care reform.

48. 1996 Election

49. Impeachment Trial Clinton was accused of having an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Republican congressman Newt Gingrich led the investigation. Clinton allegedly lied under oath. He became just the 2 nd U.S. President to face an impeachment trial in the Senate.

51. 2000 Election

52. George W. Bush Bush won a narrow Electoral College victory over Al Gore – Gore won the popular vote. Bush inherited a slumping economy. He implemented a $1.35 trillion tax cut to jump start the economy. Lets Meet George W

53. Terrorism Sept 11 th, 2001 - Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Bush’s approval ratings soared. October 2001 – The U.S. attacks Afghanistan in search of Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network. March 2003 – The U.S. invades Iraq to take out Saddam Hussein and find the infamous W.M.D.

54. High-Tech Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Microsoft in 2000. The NASDAQ rose dramatically with enthusiasm for new business. (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System) New web site based businesses become known as dotcoms.

55. Global Economy Globalization - The process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, and political forces. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Lowered trade barriers and tariffs and established the World Trade Organization.

56. Modern Life The Internet exploded in the late 1990’s. Due to the Internet many Americans started to telecommute – work online out of their homes. Telecommunications Act of 1996 – loosened up the rules for media ownership and mergers. Biotechnology – new discoveries with genetic engineering.

57. Urban Change 1945-1990 Urban Flight took hold as many Americans fled to the safety of the suburbs. Gentrification – in the mid 1990’s many Americans started purchasing urban houses and remodeling them.