1. NATIONAL REDD+ SECRETARIAT Zonal Level REDD+ Awareness Creation Workshop MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST SNNP Regional State, Hawassa August 17/2015 Contact us @ reddplusethiopia@gmail.com SNNP Regional REDD+ Coordination Unit

2. Purpose of the Zonal Workshop  Raising stakeholder awareness on REDD+ Basics, Status of REDD+ Readiness Process in Ethiopia and Regional Piloting activity plan Expected Outcomes  Workshop participants will be fully aware of the rationale, principles and mechanisms of REDD+, the status of REDD+ Readiness in Ethiopia & planned regional Piloting reddplusethiopia@gmail.com Overview of Regional Awareness Creation Workshop

3. Climate change & the Role of Forests to Climate Change What are the signs that climate change is occurring? What causes climate change? What is the role of forests in climate change? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com REDD+ Brief history of REDD+

4. What is Climate Change? What are the signs of Climate Change? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

5. What is Climate Change? Climate Change = significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature or precipitation) lasting for an extended period of time (typically decades) United Nations Forum Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines Climate Change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere’ reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

6. Climate Change is happening Four major independent datasets show: 2013 was among the warmest years on record (2 nd to 6 th )

7. GlobalNational Climate Change is happening

8. Greenhouse gases continued to climb: Atmospheric CO2 concentration hit a global average of 395.3 ppm for the year 2013 Climate Change is happening

9. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/precipitation_changes_trends_over_land_from_1900_to_2000 More rain Less rain Changes in precipitation patterns reddplusethiopia@gmail.com Climate Change is happening

10. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-sea-level-1870-2006 Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion and melting glaciers and ice caps Average global sea levels have risen 17 cm during 20 th century and may rise 28-58 cm by 2100 Global mean sea level rise from 1870 - 2006 + 3.1 mm per year Rising sea levels reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

11. Severe droughts and heat waves Heavy rains Stronger storms More extreme weather events reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

12. Examples of potential impacts  Forest fire incidence 2008 There are reports that fire has affected more than 200,000 ha every year in recent decades.

13. Decreasing snow cover http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1361 Kilimanjaro 1993 Kilimanjaro 2000 Decreasing snow cover and melting glaciers reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

14. Collapse of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica Warming of poles and loss of sea ice reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

15. What causes climate change and where are greenhouse gas emissions occurring? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

16. Greenhouse GasIndustrial SourcesLand Use Sources Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacturing Deforestation and burning of forests Methane (CH 4 )Landfills, coal mining, natural gas production Conversion of wetlands Rice paddies Livestock production Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)Fossil fuel combustion Nitric acid production Fertilizer use Burning of biomass Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Electrical transmission and distribution systems ---- What human activities generate GHGs?

17. Which sectors produce greenhouse gases? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

18. Which Sectors Produce Greenhouse Gasses in Ethiopia? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

19. Low emissions High emissions Where are greenhouse gases being emitted? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

20. The sources of emissions differ across developing versus developed countries Greatest source of GHG = fossil fuels Land use change (deforestation) is a major source (second only to fossil fuels) Sources of emissions reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

21. Forests in the global carbon cycle reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

22. Forests Store and Emit Carbon Deforestation & degradation of forests emit 5.87 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent Forests & other terrestrial systems - absorb 9.53 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

23. Forest area by biome Area forest cover Tropical 16~17 M km2 Temperate 9~10 M km2 Boreal 15~16 M km2 Extent of forests globally 30% of earth’s land surface is forest (4 billion hectares) reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

24. Carbon stock by biome % terrestrial C Tropical~25% Temperate~10% Boreal~5% Forest carbon globally 45% of terrestrial carbon is stored in earth’s forests Forests absorb 2.6 gigatons C (9.5 gT CO2) per year Emissions from tropical deforestation 1.5 gigatons C per year reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

25. Climate change mitigation through forestry reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

26. Options for mitigating climate change Increasing carbon sinks Avoiding reducing sinks Reducing emissions from productive activities Bioenergy and biofuels Ecosystem service: emissions reduction Ecosystem service: carbon sequestration Mitigation Activities reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

27. Quiz Match each carbon stock graph with its description to the right. Years Carbon stock Years Carbon stock Years Carbon stock Years Carbon stock Years Carbon stock Years Carbon stock 1 2 3 4 5 6 Non-forested land Forest conversion to non-forested land use Unsustainably managed forest Plantation established on non-forested land and harvested regularly Forest converted to a Plantation Conserved primary forest

28. Comparing scenarios For climate change mitigation, which is the best alternative? A degraded pasture (A) A forest plantation that is destroyed or burned regularly (B) Years Carbon A Years Carbon B

29. Additional stored carbon in alternative B compared to A = carbon that does not contribute to climate change (even if it is temporary)  Mean of B  Mean of A Years Answer: B Carbon

30. Undisturbed forests An undisturbed forest: –A large stock –But not a large sink +/- equilibrium (climax) Even if an undisturbed forest does not absorb GhG from the atmosphere, it is better to conserve it than to convert it to other uses Carbon Years

31. Comparing scenarios Years Carbon A For climate change mitigation, which is the better alternative? Conserving an undisturbed forest (A) Converting this forest to forest plantation (B)? Years Carbon B

32. Carbon emitted into the atmosphere under scenario B compared with A = Carbon that contributes to climate change Answer: A Years Carbon

33. A brief history of REDD reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

34. A brief history of REDD Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG emissions 2001 - COP7: Avoided deforestation was too difficult to include in CDM (+ no additionality). Only A/R 2005 – COP 11: 2 year consultation period for RED 2006: Stern report says REDD is big & cheap (& easy?) 2007 – COP 13 : RED(D) included in Bali Action Plan 2007: Norway’s Climate-Forest initiative, NOK 15 billions 2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives 34

35. What is REDD+ all about? REDD+: Policy approaches & incentive mechanism REDD+ implementation requires enabling  Policy framework  Legal & regulatory framework  Institutional arrangements  Full & Effective stakeholder Consultation & participation  Technical capacity  Investment (Finance)

36. The Core Idea of REDD+ reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

37. Phased approach for REDD+ Meridian (2009) & COP16 (UNFCCC 2010) Phase 1 – the readiness phase focuses on the development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, capacity building and demonstration activities. Phase 2 – Implementation phase focuses on National policy reforms; intervention measures, as well as on demonstration activities that use results based payment mechanisms.

38. Phased approaches for REDD+ Phase 3 – transitioning into Phase 3 will involve moving to more direct results-based actions, i.e. emissions and removals that should be fully measured, reported and verified, with payments based on these results.

40. GHGs Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) trap some of the heat, warming the earth Earth’s surface is heated by the sun and radiates out heat back towards space Some energy is reflected back into space The natural greenhouse effect Solar energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere What is causing climate change?

41. GHGs Higher levels of GHGs trap more heat in atmosphere, leading to temperature increases Less infrared radiation (heat) escapes to space GHGs GHG The enhanced greenhouse effect