1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The nervous system Neurons Structures of the brain and their functions The endocrine system Brain damage, plasticity, and repair Genetics and behavior

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Nervous System Electrochemical communication circuitry Neuroscience Neuroscientists Billions of communicating cells

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Nervous System: Characteristics Complexity Integration Adaptability Plasticity Electrochemical Transmission

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Nervous System: Pathways Afferent Nerves Sensory nerves Information to brain and spinal cord Efferent Nerves Motor nerves Information out of brain and spinal cord Neural Networks Integration of sensory input and motor output

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Nervous System: Primary Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Network of nerves connecting CNS to body Two subdivisions: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Nervous System: PNS Divisions Somatic nervous system Sensory information from skin and muscles to CNS Autonomic nervous system Messages to and from internal organs Two subdivisions: Sympathetic nervous system  arousing Parasympathetic nervous system  calming

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Nervous System: Stress “Fight or flight” reaction Function of sympathetic nervous system Corticosteroids Stress hormones Acute stress is momentary Chronic stress is continuous

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Nervous System: Cells Neurons Nerve cells Information processing Glial cells Support Nutritional benefits

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Neurons: Structure Cell body Contains nucleus Dendrites Fibers projecting from neuron Axon Carries information from cell body toward other cells Myelin sheath Layer of fat cells, encasing and insulating most axons

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Figure 2.2 - The Neuron

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Neural Impulse Resting potential Stable, negative charge of inactive neuron

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Figure 2.3 - The Resting Potential

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Neural Impulse Action potential Brief, positive electrical charge, or firing Abides by the all-or-nothing principle: Once the electrical impulse reaches its threshold, it fires and moves down the axon without losing any of its intensity

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Figure 2.4 - The Action Potential

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapses Space between neurons (synaptic gap) Neurotransmitters Stored in synaptic vesicles (sacs) within terminal buttons Chemical signals which allow electrical impulses to cross synaptic gaps

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Figure 2.5 - How Synapses and Transmitters Work

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Neurochemical Messengers Neurotransmitters are excitatory, inhibitory, or both Acetylcholine (ACh) Stimulates firing of neurons Involved in action of muscles, learning, memory Alzheimer disease: ACh deficiency

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Neurochemical Messengers Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Keeps many neurons from firing Anxiety: Low levels of GABA Norepinephrine Inhibits firing of neurons in CNS Excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract Depression: Too little norepinephrine Agitated, manic states: Too much norepinephrine

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Neurochemical Messengers Dopamine Helps to control voluntary movement Affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, rewards Parkinson disease: Low levels of dopamine Schizophrenia: High levels of dopamine Serotonin Involved in regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning Depression: Lowered levels of serotonin

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Neurochemical Messengers Endorphins Natural opiates that mainly stimulate firing of neurons Shield body from pain Elevate feelings of pleasure Oxytocin Hormone and neurotransmitter Important role in experience of love and social bonding

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Drugs and Neurotransmitters Drugs influence behavior by interfering with neurotransmitters Agonist Drug that mimics or increases effects of neurotransmitter Antagonist Drug that blocks effects of neurotransmitter

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Studying the Brain Brain lesioning Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease Electrical recording Detects brain wave activity

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Brain Imaging X-ray  two-dimensional images CT (or CAT) scan  three-dimensional images PET scan  metabolic changes MRI  brain structure f MRI  brain function

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Organization of the Brain Hindbrain Adjacent to top part of spinal cord Midbrain Rises above hindbrain Forebrain Uppermost region of brain

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Figure 2.11 - Structure and Regions in the Human Brain

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Hindbrain Medulla Controls vital functions Breathing and heart rate Regulates reflexes Cerebellum Motor coordination

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Hindbrain Pons Sleep and arousal Brain stem Includes much of hindbrain (but not cerebellum) and midbrain Determines alertness Regulates basic survival functions

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Midbrain Reticular formation Involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior, such as walking and sleeping

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Forebrain Limbic system Thalamus Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Forebrain: Limbic System Important in both memory and emotion Two principal structures Amygdala Discrimination of objects necessary for survival Hippocampus Has special role in storage of memories

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Forebrain: Thalamus & Basal Ganglia Thalamus Serves as relay station for information Basal ganglia Works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex Controls and coordinates voluntary movements

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Forebrain: Hypothalamus Monitors: Eating, drinking, and sex Emotion, stress, and reward Helps direct endocrine system Regulator of body’s internal state Involved in pleasurable feelings

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Occipital lobes Responding to visual stimuli Temporal lobes Hearing, language processing, memory Frontal lobes Personality, intelligence, control of voluntary muscles

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Parietal lobes Registering spatial location, attention, motor control Somatosensory cortex Located at front of parietal lobes Processes information about body sensations

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Motor cortex Located just behind frontal lobes Processes information about voluntary movement Association cortex Makes up 75% of cerebral cortex Integrates information

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Figure 2.15 - The Cerebral Cortex’s Lobes and Association Areas

38. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 38 Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus callosum Large bundle of axons connecting brain’s two hemispheres Relays information between two sides Left Hemisphere Receives information from right side of body Language processing, such as speech and grammar

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Cerebral Hemispheres Right Hemisphere Receives information from left side of body Processing nonverbal information, such as spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion

40. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 40 Figure 2.18 – Corpus Callosum

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41 Endocrine System Endocrine system Set of glands that regulate activities of certain organs Glands Organs or tissues that create chemicals that control bodily functions Hormones Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Endocrine System Pituitary gland Controls growth and regulates other glands Thyroid and parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Regulate mood, energy level, and ability to cope with stress

43. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 43 Endocrine System Pancreas Performs digestive and endocrine functions Ovaries and testes Produce hormones related to sexual development and reproduction

44. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 44 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair Collateral sprouting Axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches Substitution of function Damaged region’s function is taken over by another brain area Neurogenesis New neurons are generated

45. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 45 Brain Tissue Implants Brain grafts Implants of healthy tissue into damaged brains Stem cells Primitive cells with capacity to develop into most types of human cells

46. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 46 Genetics and Behavior Chromosomes Threadlike structures containing DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Complex molecule that carries genetic information Genes Units of hereditary information

47. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 47 Genetics and Behavior Genome Complete set of genetic instructions for making an organism Human genome project International research program mapping human genome

48. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 48 Figure 2.22 - Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA

49. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 49 The Study of Genetics Dominant-recessive genes principle Dominant gene overrides recessive gene Polygenic inheritance Influence of multiple genes on behavior

50. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 50 The Study of Genetics Molecular genetics Manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior Selective breeding Genetic method used to demonstrate importance of genetic influence on behavior Reared in one of two environments: An impoverished environment An enriched environment

51. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 51 The Study of Genetics Behavior genetics Study of degree and nature of heredity’s influence on behavior Twin Studies Identical vs. fraternal twins Minnesota study of twins reared apart (1996)

52. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 52 Genes and the Environment Genotype Genetic heritage Phenotype Observable characteristics Influenced by genotype and environmental factors Genetic expression Activity of genes is affected by their environment