2. Late Middle Ages Crisis and Recovery, 1300–1500 CIV 101-03 Class 21 March 7, 2016

3. Magna Carta English Parliament – Radically “new” form of government that hearkens back to the best of the Greek democracy and Roman Republic. Investiture Controversies (who makes a pope; who makes a king): working out Church/State relations (well, actually, “breaking down” some of the connections) Romanesque and Gothic architecture Particularly Western Advances from last time

4. Christian religious orders (groups) with differing foci (they don’t know it, but portends Protestants) Scholasticism: applying rhetorical techniques and argument to controversial questions – Aided by advances from the House of Learning Rise of the Universities Gregorian music/chant (at the start of the western 7 note major scale) Dante Some vernacular literature (courtly love and such— heads toward setting “manners” Particularly Western Advances from last time

5. Particularly Western Advances (missed last time) Hour glass: moving toward telling time… crucial for safe sea travel Blast furnaces for smelting iron Better farming techniques – Rotating fields in 3 field systems – Horses instead of oxen (saddles and collars and shoes) – Iron Plough

6. They don’t call it the Dark Ages for nothing Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War – The Black Death – Failure of agricultural harvests – Struggles for control of southern Italy, northern Italy – The Hundred Years’ War Competition between France and England – Ottoman Turks – Degradation of the Church The separation of philosophy and theology and the hastening of secularization

7. – Most of the people involved in good stuff toward the Renaissance and New Science... Are Roman Catholic Churchmen – The Church was in the way, but was also THE WAY. Education Reasons to study Reasons to argue Reasons to innovate Yet, Running Headlong toward the Renaissance

8. Spinning Wheel, improved cloth/clothing, and work process (“putting-out” system—day workers in their homes). – Much of the fabric comes from Asia via the Arabs, but becomes industrialized in the West. Paper making – A variety of printing innovations, culminating in The printing press (probably THE most important technological innovation, for the West, until the steam engine). We’ll examine this in detail next time.

9. Running Headlong toward the Renaissance Iron making (and forming) – Wrought iron uses smelted ore … has to be hammered, usually at high temps, to form the carbonized result (fairly strong). – At higher temps (short of a blast furnace) iron can be melted and cast… great for shaping, but the result is brittle. – In the late middle ages, smiths learned to pump air into layers of charcoal, limestone/crushed shells, and iron ore to make hotter fires (blast furnaces and machine driven “Forge hammers”) to work every sort of iron.

10. Running Headlong toward the Renaissance Science: Headed toward Descartes – Working out faith & reason Some of this is based on Arabic/Muslim advances Some of this is in response to—against—the increasing irrelevance of Scholasticism Some of this is due to re-discovery and translation of classics (again, aided by the Arabic/Muslim advances – Working toward developing the scientific method Robert Grosseteste: adds math and physics and ARISTOTLE to reasoning. Specific to general/general to specific Roger Bacon: FACTS first, reasoning after.

11. Religion/Theology and Philosophy: Headed toward the Reformation – The Via Antiqua versus the Via Moderna http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universals-medieval/#8 Via Antiqua: posited a complex sets of relationships among objects, sets of objects, perceptions, beliefs, classifications/definitions. Via Moderna: posited a more direct relation among object/perception/definition. The Via Moderna view helped free scientific/philosophic thought from the shackles of Scholasticism and reasoning from received wisdom (opens the way for Descartes and new science). Running Headlong toward the Renaissance

12. – Duns Scotus Univocity (that there are abstract ideal forms– Plato’s truth) Formal distinctions can be made among forms – William of Ockham: Faith and reason. Running Headlong toward the Renaissance

13. THREE POPES (actually, 4 were elected): the Great Schism contested election of Pope Urban VI in 1378 – He was “erratic” so they un-elected him Selected Clement VII – Who Urban “excommunicated” – Clement moved to Avignon and got French support After a third pope was chosen (Gregory VI, the Council of Constance (1414-1418) elected a new pope Martin V The papacy (and the church) were never the same thereafter (ripe for reformation). Running Headlong toward the Renaissance

14. Literature: esp. Chaucer (and others) – First 18 Lines of the “General Prologue,” Canterbury Tales – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 0X2oDRWnqwo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 0X2oDRWnqwo – 1:20- 4:33 – 3:23-4:22 (you think THIS class is hard: the students taking this course have to MEMORIZE and recite this passage!)

15. Machaut: Notre Dame Mass Kyrie: 6:13-13:14 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11A4wqv8_ wo&list=RD11A4wqv8_wo#t=10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11A4wqv8_ wo&list=RD11A4wqv8_wo#t=10 Running Headlong toward the Renaissance

16. Music: Chromatic scale, a 13 th century invention

17. Running Headlong toward the Renaissance Art and Architecture – Late Gothic Architecture – Late Gothic Sculpture

18. Running Headlong toward the Renaissance Art and Architecture (continued) – Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends Illuminated Manuscripts The Print New Trends in Italy: Giotto Flemish Painting: Jan Van Eyck and Hans Memling ALMOST PERSPECTIVISM – The rise of wealthy laymen as patrons of the arts

19. Middle Ages in 3 1/2 minutes (missed last time) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqK Uimr8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqK Uimr8