1. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Physiology Unit
The function of the limbic system is to
-monitor internal homeostasis,
-mediate memory,
-mediate learning, and
-experience emotion. 

2. Objective ?
The objective of this lecture is to discuss the limbic cortex; differences between limbic and neocortex; reward and punishment centres in the brain and the connections of the limbic system with the hypothalamus

3. Describe the limbic cortex; differences between limbic and neocortex.
The Learning
Outcomes :
At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe the limbic cortex; differences between limbic and neocortex.
Describe the reward and punishment centres in the brain.
Describe the connections of the limbic system with the hypothalamus.
Describe the role of limbic system and hypothalamus in the emotional behavior.

4. The General Organisation of the Nervous System:

6. The Human Brain :

7. The Human Brain :

9. Imaging of cerebral blood flow during different mental activities, shown by positron emission tomography (PET)

10. Brain Reward / Punishment System:
The nucleus accumbens (NA) has been implicated as an especially important structure of the brain reward pathway.
Other structures important in brain reward include the amygdala and the ventral tegmental area .

11.  Molecular Physiology of the Reward Pathway
Dopamine Binding at the Neuron Level.
The primary neurotransmitter of the reward pathway is dopamine. 
Serotonin, Endogenous opiates, as well as GABA also modulate dopamine levels in the brain reward pathway.

12. Brain Punishment System:
Punishment circuit (the periventricular system, or PVS), which enables us to cope with unpleasant situations.
It includes various brain structures, such as the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the central grey substance surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius.
Some secondary centres of this circuit are found in the amygdala and the hippocampus. 

13. Molecular Physiology of the Punishment Pathway
The punishment circuit functions by means of acetylcholine, which stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortico-trophic hormone (ACTH). ACTH in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenalin to prepare the body’s organs for fight or flight.

14. Limbic system Limbic System mainly includes:
Limbic lobe (the cingulate gyrus & the hippocampel gyrus.),
Some parts of Olfactory Cortex & The parahippocampal gyrus,
Hippocampus,
Amygdala,
Mamillary bodies (Hypothalamus)
Anterior nucleus of thalamus.
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15. Limbic system Supports a variety of functions including: Emotion,
Behavior,
Long term memory, and
Olfaction
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16. Limbic system
The components of the limbic system located in the cerebral cortex generally have fewer layers than the classical 6-layered Neocortex, and are usually classified as Allocortex or archicortex.
The limbic system includes many structures in the cerebral pre-cortex and sub-cortex of the brain. The term has been used in psychiatry and neurology.
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17. Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory.
Cingulate gyrus: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive and attentional processing
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18. Hippocampus and associated structures:
Hippocampus: Required for the formation of long-term memories and implicated in maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation.
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19. Hippocampe ( Sea Horse), similar structure in the Limbic System called Hippocampus; Required for the formation of long-term memories

20. Amygdala: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such as mating.
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21. Fornix: carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei.

22. Mammillary body: Important for the formation of memory;

23. Dentate gyrus: thought to contribute to new memories and to regulate happiness.
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25. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM:

27. Characteristics of Limbic System
Sparse connections between limbic system and neocortex.
Neocortical activity can modify emotional behavior.
Emotions cannot be turned off and on by will. There is prolonged after discharge following stimulation.

28. Associated with memory Associated with pain/pleasure, rage
Functions
“Emotional brain”
Emotional and motivational aspects of behavior.
Provides emotional component to learning process:
Especially the amygdala.
Associated with memory
Especially the hippocampus.
Associated with pain/pleasure, rage

29. Amygdala Large nuclei in temporal lobe. Afferents: Olfactory tract
Solitary nucleus
Parabrachial nucleus
Limbic neocortex:
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus

30. Amygdala Connections AMYGDALA Cerebral cortex Olfactory system Stria
Thalamus
Brainstem reticular formation
Hypothalamus
Stria
terminalis
AMYGDALA
Ventral Amygdalofugal
fibers

31. Regions of the Amygdala
Large basolateral region:
Provides direct input to basal ganglia and motor system.
Small corticomedial group of nuclei:
Related to olfactory cortex.
Medial and central nuclei:
Connected to hypothalamus.

32. Amygdala Inputs AMYGDALA Olfactory System Corticomedial Nuclear Group
Temporal Lobe
(associated with visual,
auditory, tactile senses)
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Brainstem (viscerosensory relay
Nuclei: solitary nucleus
and parbrachial nucleus)
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers

33. Amygdala Outputs AMYGDALA Septal Nuclei Hypothalamus
Stria Terminalis
Septal Nuclei
Hypothalamus
AMYGDALA
Corticomedial Nuclear
Group
Dorsal Medial Thalamic Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens
Hypothalamus
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers
Nuclei of
ANS
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers

34. Amygdala and Anger
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala in animals and humans can elicit anger.
Seizures involving the amygdala have been associated with violence,
Amygdalectomy has been done for behavioral control through psychosurgery
The effects of bilateral amygdaloid lesions generally are calming, a remarkable docility that may last months

35. Functions of the Amygdala
Relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses seen in species-preservation.
Responses include:
Feeding and drinking
Aggressive behavior
Mating and maternal care
Responses to physical or emotional stresses.

36. Hippocampus
Any sensory stimulus will go to the hippocampus ,and from there to the Thalamus, hypothalamus and other limbic structures through FORNIX.
Stimulation of hippocampus can cause pleasure, rage, sex drive etc.
Important feature of hippocampus is that it creates prolonged response
It has only three layered cortex.
It has role in learning and memory

37. Afferent and efferent connections of Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex --cingulate gyrus– septal nuclei– hippocampus—anterior nucleus of thalamus– mammillary region of hypothalamus.
Main function: Learning and memory of complex cognitive information (new information between object and environment).

40. Applied Physiology - Hippocampus
Memory loss:
Damage to hippocampus portion:
Cells undergoing calcium-induced changes associated with memory

41. KLUVER - BUCY SYNDROME
Bilateral temporal lobectomy – by Kluver & Bucy in 1937.
Features: Docility
2.Hypersexuality
3.Hyperphagia
4.Manipulation & oral exploration
5.Visual agnosia

43. Summery:

44. Thank u