1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Section 1 Environmental Problems Section 2 Environmental Solutions Environmental Problems and Solutions Chapter E4

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Bellringer What is the difference between a renewable resource and a nonrenewable resource? Write your answers in your science journal. Chapter E4

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Objectives List five kinds of pollutants. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Describe the impact of exotic species. Chapter E4

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Objectives, continued Explain why human population growth has increased. Describe how habitat destruction affects biodiversity. Give two examples of how pollution affects humans. Chapter E4

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Pollution An unwanted change in the environment caused by substances, such as wastes, or forms of energy, such as radiation, is called pollution. Anything that causes pollution is called a pollutant. Some pollutants are produced by natural events, such as volcanic eruptions. Many pollutants are human-made. Pollutants may harm plants, animals, and humans. Chapter E4

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Pollution, continued Garbage The average American throws away more trash than the average person in any other nation –– about 12 kg of trash a week. This trash often goes to a landfill. Landfills often contain medical waste, lead paint, and other hazardous wastes. Hazardous waste includes wastes that can catch fire, eat through metal, explode, or make people sick. Chapter E4

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Pollution, continued Chemicals People need and use many chemicals. The same chemicals that help people may harm the environment. High-Powered Wastes Nuclear power plants provide electricity to many homes and businesses. The plants also produce radioactive wastes. Gases Since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased, trapping heat around the Earth. Chapter E4

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Pollution, continued Gases Since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased, trapping heat around the Earth. Noise Some pollutants affect the senses. These pollutants include loud noises. Noise pollution affects your ability to hear and think clearly, and it may damage your hearing. Chapter E4

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Greenhouse Effect Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Section 1 Environmental Problems Chapter E4

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Resource Depletion Some of Earth’s resources are renewable, but other resources are nonrenewable. A renewable resource is one that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is used. A nonrenewable resource is one that cannot be replaced or that can be replaced only over thousands or millions of years. These resources will become more expensive as they become harder to find. Chapter E4

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Resource Depletion, continued Renewable or Nonrenewable? Scientists used to think that fresh water was a renewable resource. However, in some areas, water supplies are being used faster than they are being replaced. Scientists are working on ways to keep these water supplies from being used up. Chapter E4

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Exotic Species People may carry plant seeds, animals eggs, or adult organisms with them as they move from one part of the world to another. An organism that makes a home for itself in a new place outside its native home is an exotic species. Exotic species often thrive in new places, and can become pests and compete with native species. Chapter E4

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Human Population Growth Overpopulation happens when the number of individuals becomes so large that the individuals can’t get the resources they need to survive. Some people argue that there may eventually be too many people on Earth. Chapter E4

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Habitat Destruction When land is cleared for construction, crops, mines, or lumber, organisms that were living in the areas may be left without food and shelter. These organisms may die. An organism’s habitat is where it lives. Every habitat has a number and variety of organisms, or biodiversity. If a habitat is damaged or destroyed, biodiversity is lost. Chapter E4

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Habitat Destruction, continued Forest Habitats Trees provide humans with oxygen, lumber, food, rubber, and paper. For some of these products, trees must be cut down. Deforestation is the clearing of forest lands. Marine Habitats Many people think of oil spills when they think of pollution in marine habitats. Spilled oil pollutes both open waters and coastal habitats. In addition to oil, chemicals and plastics are sometimes dumped into marine habitats. Section 1 Environmental Problems Chapter E4

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Effects on Humans Pollution and habitat destruction also affect humans. Sometimes, the effect is immediate, Sometimes, the damage is not apparent right away. Anything that harms other organisms may eventually harm people, too. Caring for the environment means being aware of what is happening now and looking ahead to the future. Section 1 Environmental Problems Chapter E4

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Solutions Bellringer Imagine that you have just finished reading a magazine. Write down at least two things you can do with the magazine that would be preferable to throwing it in the trash. Write your responses in your science journal. Chapter E4

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Solutions Objectives Explain the importance of conservation. Describe the three Rs. Explain how biodiversity can be maintained. List five environmental strategies. Chapter E4

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Conservation One way to care for the Earth is conservation. Conservation is the preservation and wise use of natural resources. Conservation helps reduce waste and pollution. Conservation can help prevent habitat destruction. The three Rs describe three ways to conserve resources: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reduce Reducing Waste and Pollution As much as one- third of the waste produced by some countries is packaging material. Products can be wrapped in less paper and plastic to reduce waste. Reducing the Use of Nonrenewable Resources Some scientists are looking for sources of energy that can replace fossil fuels. In some parts of the world, solar energy can be used to power homes. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reuse Reusing Products You might be surprised at how many materials can be reused. For example, every time you reuse a plastic bag, one bag fewer needs to be made. Reusing Water One way to reclaim water is to use organisms to clean the water. These organisms include plants and filter-feeding animals, such as clams. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Recycle The recovery of valuable or useful materials from waste or scrap is called recycling. Recycling Trash Plastics, paper, aluminum, wood, glass, and cardboard are examples of materials that can be recycled. Recycling Resources Waste that can be burned can also be used to generate electricity. Electricity is generated in waste-to-energy plants. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Maintaining Biodiversity Protecting Species One way to maintain biodiversity is to protect individual species. In the United States, a law called the Endangered Species Act was designed to do just that. Protecting Habitats Each organism is part of a huge, interconnected web of organisms. The entire web should be protected to protect these organisms. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Environmental Strategies Reduce pollution. Reduce and pesticide use. Protect habitats. Learn about local issues. Develop alternative energy sources. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Environmental Strategies, continued What You Can Do Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Protect the Earth. These are jobs for everyone. Children as well as adults can help clean up the Earth. The following slide offers some suggestions for how you can help. Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. conservation renewable resources fossil fuels aluminum nonrenewable resources solar energy environmental solutions Environmental Problems and Solutions Chapter E4

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Environmental Problems and Solutions Chapter E4

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Environmental Problems and Solutions Chapter E4

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter E4 Show

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 The scientist woke up and jogged over to the rain forest. There she observed the water- recycling experiment. She took a swim in the ocean, after which she walked through a mangrove forest on her way home. At home, she ate lunch and went to the computer lab. From the lab, she could monitor the sensors that would alert her if any part of the ecosystem failed to cycle properly. This monitoring was very important to the scientist and her research team because their lives depended on the health of their sealed environment. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, the reader can conclude which of the following? A The scientist lives in an artificial environment. B The scientist lives by herself. C The scientist and her research team are studying a newly discovered island. D The scientist does not rely on the health of her environment. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, the reader can conclude which of the following? A The scientist lives in an artificial environment. B The scientist lives by herself. C The scientist and her research team are studying a newly discovered island. D The scientist does not rely on the health of her environment. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F The scientist is scared that her environment is being destroyed. G The scientist depends on sensors to alert her to trouble. H The scientist lives in an open environment. I The scientist eats lunch at home every day. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F The scientist is scared that her environment is being destroyed. G The scientist depends on sensors to alert her to trouble. H The scientist lives in an open environment. I The scientist eats lunch at home every day. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, which of the following events happened first? A The scientist walked through the mangrove forest. B The scientist checked the water-recycling experiment. C The scientist swam in the ocean. D The scientist ate lunch. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, which of the following events happened first? A The scientist walked through the mangrove forest. B The scientist checked the water-recycling experiment. C The scientist swam in the ocean. D The scientist ate lunch. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 All along the Gulf Coast, marine scientists and Earth scientists are trying to find methods to reduce or eliminate the dead zone. They have made models of the Mississippi River ecosystem that have accurately predicted the data that have since been collected. The scientists have changed the models to see what happens. Continued on the next slide Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued For example, wetlands are one of nature’s best filters. Wetlands take up a lot of the chemicals present in water. Scientists predict that adding wetlands to the Mississippi River watershed could reduce the chemicals reaching the Gulf of Mexico, possibly reducing the dead zone. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, what can you conclude about the dead zone? A It is found in the Mississippi River. B It may be prevented by adding wetlands to the Mississippi River watershed. C It reduces the chemicals reaching the Gulf of Mexico. D It is not caused by chemicals. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Based on the passage, what can you conclude about the dead zone? A It is found in the Mississippi River. B It may be prevented by adding wetlands to the Mississippi River watershed. C It reduces the chemicals reaching the Gulf of Mexico. D It is not caused by chemicals. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about models is true? F Models do not accurately predict data. G Scientists do not change models. H Scientists use models to make predictions. I Models are always used for research. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about models is true? F Models do not accurately predict data. G Scientists do not change models. H Scientists use models to make predictions. I Models are always used for research. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, why did the scientists change their models? A to predict the effects of adding wetlands to the Mississippi River watershed B to find out why the dead zone happened C to eliminate the dead zone D to predict why there are a lot of chemicals in the Gulf of Mexico Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Based on the passage, why did the scientists change their models? A to predict the effects of adding wetlands to the Mississippi River watershed B to find out why the dead zone happened C to eliminate the dead zone D to predict why there are a lot of chemicals in the Gulf of Mexico Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The table below shows the change in ozone levels between 1960 and 1990 above Halley Bay, Antarctica. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. Standardized Test Preparation October Ozone Levels Above Halley Bay, Antarctica, in Dobson Units (DU) YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. According to the table, which of the following is the most likely ozone level for October 2000? A 120 DU B 150 DU C 235 DU D 280 DU Standardized Test Preparation October Ozone Levels Above Halley Bay, Antarctica, in Dobson Units (DU) YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. According to the table, which of the following is the most likely ozone level for October 2000? A 120 DU B 150 DU C 235 DU D 280 DU Standardized Test Preparation October Ozone Levels Above Halley Bay, Antarctica, in Dobson Units (DU) YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the table, the ozone level above Halley Bay is doing which of the following? F It steadily increased between 1960 and 1990. G It fell by 37% between 1960 and 1990. H It decreased by an average of 37 DU per year. I It decreased by about 25% every 10 years. Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the table, the ozone level above Halley Bay is doing which of the following? F It steadily increased between 1960 and 1990. G It fell by 37% between 1960 and 1990. H It decreased by an average of 37 DU per year. I It decreased by about 25% every 10 years. Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What is the percent decrease in ozone level between 1980 and 1990? A 16% B 19% C 24% D 81% Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. What is the percent decrease in ozone level between 1980 and 1990? A 16% B 19% C 24% D 81% Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. What is the average loss of ozone level per year in DU? F 4 DU G 6 DU H 37 DU I 63 DU Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. What is the average loss of ozone level per year in DU? F 4 DU G 6 DU H 37 DU I 63 DU Standardized Test Preparation YearOzone level (DU) 1960300 1970280 1980235 1990190 Chapter E4

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. About 15 m of topsoil covers the western plains of the United States. If topsoil forms at the rate of 2.5 cm per 500 years, how long did it take for 15 m of topsoil to form? A 3,000 years B 7,500 years C 18,750 years D 300,000 years Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. About 15 m of topsoil covers the western plains of the United States. If topsoil forms at the rate of 2.5 cm per 500 years, how long did it take for 15 m of topsoil to form? A 3,000 years B 7,500 years C 18,750 years D 300,000 years Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. The dimensions of a habitat are 16 km by 6 km. If these dimensions are decreased by 50%, what will the area of the habitat be? F 22 km 2 G 24 km 2 H 48 km 2 I 96 km 2 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. The dimensions of a habitat are 16 km by 6 km. If these dimensions are decreased by 50%, what will the area of the habitat be? F 22 km 2 G 24 km 2 H 48 km 2 I 96 km 2 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If each person in a city of 500,000 people throws away 12 kg of trash each week, how many metric tons of trash does the city produce per year? (There are 1,000 kg in a metric ton.) A 6,000 metric tons B 26,000 metric tons C 312,000 metric tons D 312,000,000 metric tons Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If each person in a city of 500,000 people throws away 12 kg of trash each week, how many metric tons of trash does the city produce per year? (There are 1,000 kg in a metric ton.) A 6,000 metric tons B 26,000 metric tons C 312,000 metric tons D 312,000,000 metric tons Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Producing one ton of new glass creates about 175 kg of mining waste. Using 50% recycled glass cuts this rate by 75%. Which of the following equations calculates y, the mass of mining waste produced using 50% recycled glass? F y  175  0.25 G y  175  0.75 H y  175  0.5 I y  175  0.75 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Producing one ton of new glass creates about 175 kg of mining waste. Using 50% recycled glass cuts this rate by 75%. Which of the following equations calculates y, the mass of mining waste produced using 50% recycled glass? F y  175  0.25 G y  175  0.75 H y  175  0.5 I y  175  0.75 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter E4

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Environmental Problems Chapter E4

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Environmental Solutions Chapter E4