1. KEYUR SHELADIYA¹,PRIYANKA SHUKLA ²,SHIVOM SINGH ³ 1.STUDENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING(130800106044) 2.STUDENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING(130800106045) 3.STUDENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING(130800106046) (2130607)

2. FIRE PROTECTION DAMP PROOFING THERMAL INSULATION ACOUSTICAL CONSTRUCTION

3. Causes of fire and precautions careless smoking fault in electric wiring gas leakage from kitchen flammable liquids lighting FIRE PROTECTION

4. Fire hazards 1.Danger or loss of life of accupants ▪ for this to provide sufficient safe exists such as escapeways, passage, corridors and stairs etc. 2.Danger of damage to property ▪ for this use of fire resusting materials ▪ By carry out constru elements in a such a way thàt they escape to safe place. 3.Danger to spread of fire to another areas ▪ by subdivided large building into small compartment

5. Fire restisting properties of material Timber – Timber is self insulating and slow burning material and also resistant to fire. – When fire take place, timber gets charred andthis charred layer acts as insulation agaist fire. Bricks – First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand exposure to fire. – size of bricks, methods of construction etç make them fire resisance

6. Concrete – The effect of fire on concrete varies with the natur of its coarse aggregate and its density. Stone – Lime stone is least recommended, as it crumbles and get ruined by an ordinary fire. Glass – it has low thermal conductivity and the change in the volume due to expansion or contraction is ver6 small.

7. Aluminium – It is good conductor of heat that because its use is limited. Plaster or Mortar – It is incombustible material and hhence is used to protect the walls or ceilings. – cemet plàster is better than the lime plaster.

8. Fire resistant construction Wall and columns Floor and roofs Wall opening Escape elements Strong room construction

9. Wall and columns Masonry walls and colmns should be made thicker in section so that they may act as fire barrier. The steel member should be provided with 10 cm.thick cover of tiles or bricks. The wooden partition wall should be covered with metal and plaster to make it fire resistance

10. Floor and roofs In wooden floor thicker joist spaced at greater distance apart should be used. Made from materials like concrete, bricks, ceramic tiles etc. As far as possible flat roof is more preferred.

11. Wall opening Doors and windows should be glazed and fitted with reinforced glass panels. In single storey building large size window should be provided for easy escaping.

12. Escape element Staircase should be located carefully. All the doors or wimdows of the staircase hall or lift well should be metal frame with steel shutter.

13. Fire alarms The fire alarms give enough time to the occupants to reach to a safe place I.Manual alarm II.Automatic alarm

14. Manual alarm These are of handbell type or similar other sounding device. These are sound by watchman amd occupants, thereby warned to have safe exit in shortest possible time. Manual alarm shall be provided near all main exits which are not likely to be obstructed.

15. Automatic alarms The automatic alarms start sounding automatically, when the fire takes place. It is used in large industrial building, which may remain unoccupied during night.

16. DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC) What is damp proofing – why it is important? Damp proofing works as a long term prevention to moisture decay. When it comes to walls and foundations, damp proofing prevents moisture and water passing through into interior spaces and can therefore prevent timber decay and structural damage such as dry rot, wet rot and rising damp. You can see an example of how water is absorbed by walls by clicking on the video to the right.

17. MATERIALS FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE (DPC): An effective damp proofing material should have the following properties; It should be impervious. It should be strong and durable, and should be capable of withstanding both dead as well as live loads without damage. It should be dimensionally stable. It should be free from deliquescent salts like sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.

18. The materials commonly used to check dampness can be divided into the following three categories: Flexible Materials: Materials like bitumen felts, plastic sheeting (polythene sheets) etc. Semi-rigid Materials: Materials like mastic, asphalt, or combination of materials or layers. Rigid Materials: Materials like first class bricks, stones, slate, cement concrete etc.

19. SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE: The choice of material to function as an effective damp proof course requires a selection. It depends upon the climate and atmospheric conditions, nature of structure and the situation where DPC is to be provided. The points to be kept in view while making selection of DPC materials are briefly discussed below:

20. DPC above ground level: For DPC above ground level with wall thickness generally not exceeding 40cm, any one of the type of materials mentioned above may be used. Cement concrete is however commonly adopted material for DPC at plinth level, 38 to 50mm thick layer of cement concrete M15 (1:2:4 mix) serves the purpose under normal conditions. In case of damp and humid atmosphere, richer mix of concrete should be used. The concrete is further made dense by adding water proofing materials like Pudlo, Impermo, Waterlock etc in its ingredients during the process of mixing. It is used to apply two coats of hot bitumen over the third surface of the concrete DPC.

21. DPC Material for situations where differential thermal movements occur: In parapet walls and other such situations, materials like mastic, asphalt, bitumen felts and metal (copper or lead) are recommended. It is important to ensure that the DPC material is flexible so as to avoid any damage or puncture of the material due to differential thermal movement between the material of the roof and the parapet.

22. DPC material for Cavity Walls: In cavity wall construction, like cavity over the door or window should be bridged by flexible material like bitumen felt, strips or lead etc.

23. GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED WHILE LAYING DPC ARE: The DPC should cover full thickness of walls excluding rendering. The mortar bed upon which the DPC is to be laid should be made level, even and free from projections. Uneven base is likely to cause damage to DPC. When a horizontal DPC is to be continued up a vertical face a cement concrete fillet 75mm in radius should be provided at the junction prior to the treatment. Each DPC should be placed in correct relation to other DPC so as to ensure complete and continuous barrier to the passage of water from floors, walls or roof.

24. Damp proof course in brickwork Damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier of impervious material built into a wall or pier to prevent moisture form moving to any part of the building. The DPC is built into base wall brickwork. It bridges brick skins and/or the brick and pier. The DPC is laid into the brick wall approximately two courses (two bricks) below the lowest timber member, typically the bearer.

25. Damp proof course in brickwork

26. Figures 1 to 5 explain provision of DPC under different conditions Figure 1: Air Drain

27. Figure 2: DPC Treatment for basement

28. Figure 3: Plan of building showing DPC

29. Figure 4: DPC for flooring

30. Figure 5: DPC for internal wall