1. Tim Horberryb, Cathy Bubnicha, Laurence Hartleya,*, Dave Lamblea Drivers' use of hand-held mobile phones in Western Australia 學生. 莊靖玟

2. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Purpose  The main aim of this study was therefore to establish the number of drivers who use hand-held mobile phones while driving, and to discover if this number had increased as compared to similar observations obtained one year earlier.

3. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Reference  Several studies have indicated an increased risk of being involved in a road crash, including a fatal crash, when using a mobile phone while driving (e.g., Min & Redelmeier, 1998; Redelmeier & Tibshirani, 1997; Violanti, 1997).

4. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Reference  Crash reports have shown some of the main road events involved with mobile phone related crashes are inattention to the traffic, veering and striking another vehicle, failure to give way, failure to stop, running o the road, hitting the curb and hitting a pedestrian. (National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, 1997).

5. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Reference  Lamble, Marquis, and Hartley (1998) collected an estimate of exposure data for mobile phone use on major roads in the Perth metropolitan area.

6. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Reference  The personal mobile phone market in Australia has grown by between 10% and 15%,with the number of mobile phones estimated at increasing from 30 to 40 per 100 inhabitants. (Paul Budde Communication Pty,1999).

7. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Method  Data were collected by a roadside observer.  The observer used two hand counters: ＊ the number of vehicles travelling past the observer. ＊ the number of drivers in this traffic flow who were using a hand-held mobile phone.

8. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Method  All observations were carried out between 7:30 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. during the weekdays in December 1999.  Being summer in Australia, the weather during all of the observation days was fine, dry and bright.

9. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Method  19 locations were chosen to represent the major road system in the Perth. ＊ At 8 of the locations observations were made in a single direction of traffic flow. ＊ At the other 11 locations observations were made of both directions of traffic flow.

10. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Method  4 locations were observed during four time periods on the same day, 08:30- 09:30, 11:00-12:00, 13:30-14:30 and 16:00-17:00.  The observers at these sites also recorded the phone user's age and gender.

11. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Results  The primary dependent measures of the study: ＊ the percentage of vehicles with drivers using a hand-held mobile phone ＊ the number of drivers who were using a hand-held mobile phone during each hour of vehicle flow per direction.

12. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Results

13. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Results

14. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Results

15. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Results  The estimates of personal characteristics at the four locations revealed that the phone users were predominantly male (78%) and less than 40-years old (64%), with no significant variance appearing across the four periods of the day.

16. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Discussion  Further observation studies (perhaps every year) are therefore recommended to help identify possible trends in phone usage by drivers.  The addition of other data collection methods such as interviews or questionnaires with drivers.

17. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Discussion  Although a sample size of 4 sites is obviously limited, the data do show that there was no particular time of the working day when phone usage was especially high or low.  Although the period from 11.00 to 12.00 had the highest percentage of phone use, it did not significantly differ from the other times of the day.